In every emergency medical situation,access to emergency medical services is an inalienable right of any citizen.The average acceptable time to provide first aid assistance is 60 minutes.In this paper,the possibility ...In every emergency medical situation,access to emergency medical services is an inalienable right of any citizen.The average acceptable time to provide first aid assistance is 60 minutes.In this paper,the possibility of using helicopters for air travel in mountainous areas was examined for the first time for all of Greece and especially for a mountainous and isolated area such as the Municipality of Agrafa.Initially,the time distance-virtual distance,from the hospitals was calculated at the national level of Greece,with an acceptable first contact time of 60 minutes(golden hour),i.e.,less than two hours from the nearest hospital to the incident and back to the hospital and the relevant conclusions are drawn.Then,the case study of Municipality of Agrafa,one of the most mountainous areas in Greece,was examined.The time distance of the settlements from the nearest primary health point,namely the Primary Health Centre(PHC)of West Fragkista,was calculated and the transportation by ground means was compared with the corresponding time by flying means,to investigate the contribution of air transportation or not,of the timely arrival of the patients in the appropriate health structure.Finally,possible helicopter landing locations were identified,using a geographic information system to facilitate the process of air medical transportation in the Municipality of Agrafa.展开更多
In an attempt to enhance knowledge on the energy poverty phenomenon in mountainous areas,a primary social survey was conducted in a typical mountainous town of Greece,Metsovo in the Region of Epirus.The survey recorde...In an attempt to enhance knowledge on the energy poverty phenomenon in mountainous areas,a primary social survey was conducted in a typical mountainous town of Greece,Metsovo in the Region of Epirus.The survey recorded quantitative data of energy expenses and incomes of households and it also captured qualitative indicators related to energy poverty.The findings showed that nine out of ten households in Metsovo are exposed to energy poverty,based on the objective 10%index.The subjective indicators revealed other interesting aspects of the problem.Over one-third of the local population live in houses that are inadequately heated and/or present damp problems.Almost two-thirds of the local population have been forced to restrict other basic needs,in order to respond to high energy costs.Studying the relationships between variables of the survey also revealed some notable issues.Households inadequately heated present statistical significant correlation with the heating system used.The inadequately heated houses are also correlated with houses that presented damp-mould problems,as well as households that report arrears in energy bills.Moreover,reduction in hours of heating system operation is correlated with health problems.Current energy policy in Greece does not include specific strategies for mountainous areas,apart from some differentiations in heating oil subsidies.The great extent of energy poverty in mountainous Greece,highlighted by the present representative(with respect to mountainous Greece)study,may have irreversible social impacts.Hence,a need for specific and effective action is necessary,whose main axes should be an extensive upgrade of buildings’energy efficiency in mountainous settlements and special fuel tariffs for mountainous areas.展开更多
文摘In every emergency medical situation,access to emergency medical services is an inalienable right of any citizen.The average acceptable time to provide first aid assistance is 60 minutes.In this paper,the possibility of using helicopters for air travel in mountainous areas was examined for the first time for all of Greece and especially for a mountainous and isolated area such as the Municipality of Agrafa.Initially,the time distance-virtual distance,from the hospitals was calculated at the national level of Greece,with an acceptable first contact time of 60 minutes(golden hour),i.e.,less than two hours from the nearest hospital to the incident and back to the hospital and the relevant conclusions are drawn.Then,the case study of Municipality of Agrafa,one of the most mountainous areas in Greece,was examined.The time distance of the settlements from the nearest primary health point,namely the Primary Health Centre(PHC)of West Fragkista,was calculated and the transportation by ground means was compared with the corresponding time by flying means,to investigate the contribution of air transportation or not,of the timely arrival of the patients in the appropriate health structure.Finally,possible helicopter landing locations were identified,using a geographic information system to facilitate the process of air medical transportation in the Municipality of Agrafa.
基金supported by the STEP-IN Project(Using Living Labs to roll out Sustainable Strategies for Energy Poor Individuals)funded under the HORIZON Framework Programme of the European Commission(Contract No.785125)。
文摘In an attempt to enhance knowledge on the energy poverty phenomenon in mountainous areas,a primary social survey was conducted in a typical mountainous town of Greece,Metsovo in the Region of Epirus.The survey recorded quantitative data of energy expenses and incomes of households and it also captured qualitative indicators related to energy poverty.The findings showed that nine out of ten households in Metsovo are exposed to energy poverty,based on the objective 10%index.The subjective indicators revealed other interesting aspects of the problem.Over one-third of the local population live in houses that are inadequately heated and/or present damp problems.Almost two-thirds of the local population have been forced to restrict other basic needs,in order to respond to high energy costs.Studying the relationships between variables of the survey also revealed some notable issues.Households inadequately heated present statistical significant correlation with the heating system used.The inadequately heated houses are also correlated with houses that presented damp-mould problems,as well as households that report arrears in energy bills.Moreover,reduction in hours of heating system operation is correlated with health problems.Current energy policy in Greece does not include specific strategies for mountainous areas,apart from some differentiations in heating oil subsidies.The great extent of energy poverty in mountainous Greece,highlighted by the present representative(with respect to mountainous Greece)study,may have irreversible social impacts.Hence,a need for specific and effective action is necessary,whose main axes should be an extensive upgrade of buildings’energy efficiency in mountainous settlements and special fuel tariffs for mountainous areas.
