Uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)is a significant mechanical measure in rock engineering,key for classifying rock masses,conducting stability assessments,and guiding design processes.Over the past five decades,numero...Uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)is a significant mechanical measure in rock engineering,key for classifying rock masses,conducting stability assessments,and guiding design processes.Over the past five decades,numerous techniques and devices have emerged for UCS measurement.This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of existing methodologies and advancements in UCS testing,examining the theoretical foundations,testing equipment,data processing techniques,and criteria for selecting appropriate UCS testing methods.Additionally,the study highlights a shift toward automated,precise,and computational approaches with multiple inputs(i.e.multiple regression,machine learning,ML)for UCS prediction.Approximately 221 articles published by various researchers between 2000 and 2024 related to ML were reviewed,focusing on the application of ML models,including artificial neural networks(ANNs),adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system(ANFIS),random forest(RF),support vector machine(SVM),and extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),in UCS prediction.The review also observed the growing use of hybrid models integrating ML with optimization techniques,significantly improving UCS estimation.Numerous empirical correlations,both direct and indirect,have been established in the past several years based on the physical properties of rocks.However,utilizing these proposed equations to reliably estimate UCS remains challenging due to the variability in lithology,rock origin,and other factors.This study systematically presents the established correlation expressions,considering their lithology,the number of samples used to establish the expressions,the coefficient of determination(R2),and the locations.This allows geologists and engineers to easily apply these established expressions in situations where direct estimation is not possible,enabling them to approximate UCS results.展开更多
Since the discovery of hybridoma cells by Kohler and Milstein, the uses of monoclonal antibody (mAb), the protein produced by such cells are in vogue. Such antibodies with single isotype have higher specificity, and t...Since the discovery of hybridoma cells by Kohler and Milstein, the uses of monoclonal antibody (mAb), the protein produced by such cells are in vogue. Such antibodies with single isotype have higher specificity, and the serological tests employed in show higher reproducibility compared to those with use of polyclonal antisera. There are several procedures of mAb production which vary considerably but the principle remains the same which states that antigens introduced into animals generally result in the stimulation of lymphocytes, some of which produce antibody of only one type, although the isotype may change. The developments in the field of cell culture and transfection technology have lead to the production of improved qualities of mAbs. In general, monoclonal antibodies are important reagents used in biomedical research, such as, in the field of diagnostics and therapeutics as well as targeted drug delivery systems. They have got importance not only for infectious diseases caused by microbes and parasites, but also for cancer, metabolic and hormonal disorders, in the diagnosis of lymphoid and myeloid malignancies and tissue typing, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (especially blocking ELISA), radio immunoassay (RIA), serotyping of pathogens and their immunological intervention with passive antibody, anti-idiotype inhibition or magic bullet therapy with cytotoxic agents coupled with antimouse specific antibody. The application of mAbs in diagnosis of various livestock diseases is an important area of concern as these diseases are a major and increasingly important factor reducing livestock productivity in various parts of the world. In this context, the application of mAbs for diagnosis of important bacterial diseases viz., Anthrax, Brucellosis, Paratuberculosis, Leptospirosis, Listeriosis, Clostridial infections and Mycoplasmosis (CBPP), fungal diseases viz., Zygomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis and Paracoccidiodomycosis, viral diseases viz., Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV), Rota viral diarrhoea, Blue tongue, Rabies, Classical swine fever and re-emerging viral diseases like Hendra and Nipah viral infections and parasitic diseases viz., dirofilariosis, and Trichinellosis and haemportozoan diseases (including Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Anaplasmosis, infections caused by Plasmodium spp. as well as tick borne diseases) have been discussed thoroughly along with the specifications of the diagnostic assays for each disease for the convenience of the diagnosticians, researchers, scientists and students to employ such assays, both in field and laboratories to strengthen the disease control programme.展开更多
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes chronic inflammation of the intestine known as Johne’s disease (JD) in domestic and wild ruminants including primates. MAP has also been associated with inflammatory...Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes chronic inflammation of the intestine known as Johne’s disease (JD) in domestic and wild ruminants including primates. MAP has also been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) so called Crohn’s disease (CD) of human beings, which is incurable even after surgery. By virtue of the pasteurization resistant power, high endemicity of the infection in animals continues to be the permanent source of infection to human population. High bio-burden of MAP in wide range of biotic (animal hosts including human beings) and abiotic environment in each and every country where it has been investigated, serves a reminder about the survival abilities of the MAP in diverse range of environmental conditions. Ability of the MAP to evade immune system of the host and the temporal events during infection of the macro-phages, is an area of major concern and research activities as the pattern of distribution are quiet different from those of other pathogenic intracellular organisms. Moreover, the organism can survive over a wide range of environmental conditions such as high and low environmental temperatures, pasteurization, low pH, and high salt concentration etc. This superior survival efficiency from environmental degradation and dormancy within host allows the pathogen to be available for causing disease and pathogenicity in animals and human beings, when conditions are favorable. Perusal of literature reveal that, despite the availability of whole genome sequence of MAP, a very little is known about the replication, persistence and survival mechanisms of this pathogen. Therefore, this review tries to address the survival mechanisms of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the different host species and adverse environmental conditions in order to allow designing of more rational diagnostic and control procedures.展开更多
Globally bentoite clay has been proposed as an engineered barrier material for safe underground disposal of high-level nuclear waste.Clay has many favorable properties such as high liquid limit,and plastic limit along...Globally bentoite clay has been proposed as an engineered barrier material for safe underground disposal of high-level nuclear waste.Clay has many favorable properties such as high liquid limit,and plastic limit along with other properties which make it the most suitable for this application.In the present study,an attempt has been made to study the behavior of Barmer bentonite under the influence of high temperatures up to 120℃.Properties of barmer bentonite namely,liquid limit,plastic limit,and maximum dry density have been determined after thermal treatment at 25℃,60℃,80℃,100℃ and 120℃.The extensive experimental results indicate that liquid limit and plastic limit show a decreasing trend while maximum dry density increases with an increase in temperature.Liquid limit and plastic limit decrease up to 12%and 11%respectively when the temperature reaches up to 120℃.Maximum dry density increases by 10%due to thermal treatment and optimum water content decreases by up to 4%.Statistical analysis has been carried out to obtain the correlation between temperature and physical properties of Barmer bentonite such as liquid limit,plastic limit,maximum dry density,and optimum water content.The XRD analysis of Barmer bentonite at room temperature and 120℃ shows very small variation in mineralogical composition.Whereas,interlayer distance has been measured and found to be decreasing with an increase in temperature.Further,a comparative analysis shows that the measured properties of studied Barmer bentonite lie in the range of previously measured values of other types of bentonite across the globe.展开更多
In many construction projects,a proactive slope stability evaluation is a prerequisite.Although many deterministic or non-deterministic approaches have been commonly used,metaheuristic approaches have resulted in high...In many construction projects,a proactive slope stability evaluation is a prerequisite.Although many deterministic or non-deterministic approaches have been commonly used,metaheuristic approaches have resulted in high precision and significant outcomes for slope stability analysis problems.The current work focuses on the reliable assessment of critical failure surfaces associated with the least factor of safety value in both homogeneous and non-homogeneous slopes using a new simplified meta-heuristic approach called optics-inspired optimization(OIO).The algorithm utilizes six different LEM methods as a fitness function for deriving the factor of safety.Experimental analysis over three benchmark studies has been performed to demonstrate the algorithm's robustness and effectiveness.The implementation found more robust results as compared to previous studies.Meanwhile,the algorithm's statistical implication is conducted using the ANOVA test,which inferred better outcomes.With this interpretation,the approach claims to be suitable and efficient for slope stability analysis.展开更多
文摘Uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)is a significant mechanical measure in rock engineering,key for classifying rock masses,conducting stability assessments,and guiding design processes.Over the past five decades,numerous techniques and devices have emerged for UCS measurement.This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of existing methodologies and advancements in UCS testing,examining the theoretical foundations,testing equipment,data processing techniques,and criteria for selecting appropriate UCS testing methods.Additionally,the study highlights a shift toward automated,precise,and computational approaches with multiple inputs(i.e.multiple regression,machine learning,ML)for UCS prediction.Approximately 221 articles published by various researchers between 2000 and 2024 related to ML were reviewed,focusing on the application of ML models,including artificial neural networks(ANNs),adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system(ANFIS),random forest(RF),support vector machine(SVM),and extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),in UCS prediction.The review also observed the growing use of hybrid models integrating ML with optimization techniques,significantly improving UCS estimation.Numerous empirical correlations,both direct and indirect,have been established in the past several years based on the physical properties of rocks.However,utilizing these proposed equations to reliably estimate UCS remains challenging due to the variability in lithology,rock origin,and other factors.This study systematically presents the established correlation expressions,considering their lithology,the number of samples used to establish the expressions,the coefficient of determination(R2),and the locations.This allows geologists and engineers to easily apply these established expressions in situations where direct estimation is not possible,enabling them to approximate UCS results.
文摘Since the discovery of hybridoma cells by Kohler and Milstein, the uses of monoclonal antibody (mAb), the protein produced by such cells are in vogue. Such antibodies with single isotype have higher specificity, and the serological tests employed in show higher reproducibility compared to those with use of polyclonal antisera. There are several procedures of mAb production which vary considerably but the principle remains the same which states that antigens introduced into animals generally result in the stimulation of lymphocytes, some of which produce antibody of only one type, although the isotype may change. The developments in the field of cell culture and transfection technology have lead to the production of improved qualities of mAbs. In general, monoclonal antibodies are important reagents used in biomedical research, such as, in the field of diagnostics and therapeutics as well as targeted drug delivery systems. They have got importance not only for infectious diseases caused by microbes and parasites, but also for cancer, metabolic and hormonal disorders, in the diagnosis of lymphoid and myeloid malignancies and tissue typing, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (especially blocking ELISA), radio immunoassay (RIA), serotyping of pathogens and their immunological intervention with passive antibody, anti-idiotype inhibition or magic bullet therapy with cytotoxic agents coupled with antimouse specific antibody. The application of mAbs in diagnosis of various livestock diseases is an important area of concern as these diseases are a major and increasingly important factor reducing livestock productivity in various parts of the world. In this context, the application of mAbs for diagnosis of important bacterial diseases viz., Anthrax, Brucellosis, Paratuberculosis, Leptospirosis, Listeriosis, Clostridial infections and Mycoplasmosis (CBPP), fungal diseases viz., Zygomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis and Paracoccidiodomycosis, viral diseases viz., Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV), Rota viral diarrhoea, Blue tongue, Rabies, Classical swine fever and re-emerging viral diseases like Hendra and Nipah viral infections and parasitic diseases viz., dirofilariosis, and Trichinellosis and haemportozoan diseases (including Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Anaplasmosis, infections caused by Plasmodium spp. as well as tick borne diseases) have been discussed thoroughly along with the specifications of the diagnostic assays for each disease for the convenience of the diagnosticians, researchers, scientists and students to employ such assays, both in field and laboratories to strengthen the disease control programme.
文摘Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes chronic inflammation of the intestine known as Johne’s disease (JD) in domestic and wild ruminants including primates. MAP has also been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) so called Crohn’s disease (CD) of human beings, which is incurable even after surgery. By virtue of the pasteurization resistant power, high endemicity of the infection in animals continues to be the permanent source of infection to human population. High bio-burden of MAP in wide range of biotic (animal hosts including human beings) and abiotic environment in each and every country where it has been investigated, serves a reminder about the survival abilities of the MAP in diverse range of environmental conditions. Ability of the MAP to evade immune system of the host and the temporal events during infection of the macro-phages, is an area of major concern and research activities as the pattern of distribution are quiet different from those of other pathogenic intracellular organisms. Moreover, the organism can survive over a wide range of environmental conditions such as high and low environmental temperatures, pasteurization, low pH, and high salt concentration etc. This superior survival efficiency from environmental degradation and dormancy within host allows the pathogen to be available for causing disease and pathogenicity in animals and human beings, when conditions are favorable. Perusal of literature reveal that, despite the availability of whole genome sequence of MAP, a very little is known about the replication, persistence and survival mechanisms of this pathogen. Therefore, this review tries to address the survival mechanisms of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the different host species and adverse environmental conditions in order to allow designing of more rational diagnostic and control procedures.
文摘Globally bentoite clay has been proposed as an engineered barrier material for safe underground disposal of high-level nuclear waste.Clay has many favorable properties such as high liquid limit,and plastic limit along with other properties which make it the most suitable for this application.In the present study,an attempt has been made to study the behavior of Barmer bentonite under the influence of high temperatures up to 120℃.Properties of barmer bentonite namely,liquid limit,plastic limit,and maximum dry density have been determined after thermal treatment at 25℃,60℃,80℃,100℃ and 120℃.The extensive experimental results indicate that liquid limit and plastic limit show a decreasing trend while maximum dry density increases with an increase in temperature.Liquid limit and plastic limit decrease up to 12%and 11%respectively when the temperature reaches up to 120℃.Maximum dry density increases by 10%due to thermal treatment and optimum water content decreases by up to 4%.Statistical analysis has been carried out to obtain the correlation between temperature and physical properties of Barmer bentonite such as liquid limit,plastic limit,maximum dry density,and optimum water content.The XRD analysis of Barmer bentonite at room temperature and 120℃ shows very small variation in mineralogical composition.Whereas,interlayer distance has been measured and found to be decreasing with an increase in temperature.Further,a comparative analysis shows that the measured properties of studied Barmer bentonite lie in the range of previously measured values of other types of bentonite across the globe.
文摘In many construction projects,a proactive slope stability evaluation is a prerequisite.Although many deterministic or non-deterministic approaches have been commonly used,metaheuristic approaches have resulted in high precision and significant outcomes for slope stability analysis problems.The current work focuses on the reliable assessment of critical failure surfaces associated with the least factor of safety value in both homogeneous and non-homogeneous slopes using a new simplified meta-heuristic approach called optics-inspired optimization(OIO).The algorithm utilizes six different LEM methods as a fitness function for deriving the factor of safety.Experimental analysis over three benchmark studies has been performed to demonstrate the algorithm's robustness and effectiveness.The implementation found more robust results as compared to previous studies.Meanwhile,the algorithm's statistical implication is conducted using the ANOVA test,which inferred better outcomes.With this interpretation,the approach claims to be suitable and efficient for slope stability analysis.
