Background The association between substance use including marijuana use and attempted suicide has been well documented.However,little is known about marijuana use and its association with attempted suicide repetition...Background The association between substance use including marijuana use and attempted suicide has been well documented.However,little is known about marijuana use and its association with attempted suicide repetition among young people in low-income and middle-income contexts.Aims This analysis was conducted to assess the factors associated with marijuana use and ascertain marijuana use as a determinant of repeated attempted suicide among senior high school(SHS)students in Ghana.Methods Data from the 2012 Global School-Based Student Health Survey in Ghana was used for this study.Modified Poisson,Logistic and Probit models weighted with Mahalanobis distance matching within propensity calliper were employed separately to determine the hypothetical association between marijuana use and repeated attempted suicide.All analysis was performed using Stata 16 and p<0.05 was deemed statistically significant.Results The prevalence estimates of marijuana use and repeated attempted suicide among SHS students in Ghana were 3.4%(95%Cl:2.3 to 5.1)and 11.5%(95%Cl:9.1 to 14.4),respectively.The prevalence of marijuana use was significantly associated with school grade,smoking exposure,parent smoker,alcohol intake and truancy.Marijuana use was positively associated with repeated attempted suicide among SHS in Ghana correlation=0.23,p<0.001.Repeated attempted suicide among students who use marijuana was approximately threefold and fivefold significant compared with nonmarijuana use students,based on the Poisson(adjusted prevalence ratio:3.02;95%Cl:1.67 to 5.43,p<0.001)and Logistic(adjusted OR:5.06;95%Cl:3.19 to 11.64,p<0.001)estimates respectively.Also,the Probit model showed that marijuana use significantly increased the log count of repeated attempted suicide by 95%(ap:0.95;95%CI:0.49 to 1.41,p<0.001).Conclusion Marijuana use does not only influence the onset of suicidal attempts but also repeated attempted suicide among SHS students in Ghana.Special attention is required for suicide attempters with a history of repeated attempts and current marijuana use among SHS students in Ghana.Early identification of the potential risk and protective factors is recommended to inform school-based interventions.National level structured school-based substance abuse interventions and health promotion programmes would be useful.展开更多
Background Marijuana use among adolescents,including high school students,has been consistently reported to be associated with a high incidence of suicidal behaviours.Little empirical research has been conducted on th...Background Marijuana use among adolescents,including high school students,has been consistently reported to be associated with a high incidence of suicidal behaviours.Little empirical research has been conducted on the propensity impact of marijuana use on suicidal behaviours in Africa.Aims To assess factors associated with marijuana use and further quantify marijuana use as an associated factor of suicidal behaviours,including repeated attempted suicide,suicidal ideation and suicide planning,among high school students in Africa.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 32802 school-going adolescents using the Global School-Based Student Health Survey data from 10 African countries grouped into West Africa,North Africa,South-East Africa,South Africa and East Africa subregions.Marijuana use and repeated attempted suicide were the main outcome variables.We employed double selection least absolute shrinkage and selection operator poisson regression model to assess risk factors associated with marijuana use and dominance analysis to establish ranked important and common risk factors.Inverse probability weighting poisson regression adjustment was applied to assess impact.Results The prevalence of marijuana use and repeated attempted suicide were 3.7%(95%CI:3.1 to 4.3)and 6.6%(95%CI:5.9 to 7.4),respectively.The most important risk factor for marijuana use generally across the countries and specifically in three subregions was alcohol consumption,which constituted approximately 40%of the impact.The average treatment effect on the treated(ATT)indicated that marijuana use significantly increased the risk of suicidal ideation,suicide planning and repeated attempted suicide by 12%(ATT=0.12(95%CI:0.02 to 0.22)),18%(ATT=0.18(95%CI:0.13 to 0.22))and 31%(ATT=0.31(95%CI:0.20 to 0.41)),respectively.Conclusions Marijuana use was significantly associated with suicidal behaviours(suicidal ideation,planning and repeated attempted suicide)among the students.To achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.5(to strengthen prevention and treatment of substance abuse),school-based-based psychosocial interventions should be streamlined to adequately assess and manage marijuana use.Targeting the most dominant risk factors in this population could translate into the reduction of suicidal behaviours in countries within Africa.展开更多
Background: Maintenance of optimal Endotracheal Tube cuff Pressure (ETTcP) in anaesthetic practice reduces cuff pressure complications. Aneroid manometers for measurement of ETTcP are not widely available in Ghana, he...Background: Maintenance of optimal Endotracheal Tube cuff Pressure (ETTcP) in anaesthetic practice reduces cuff pressure complications. Aneroid manometers for measurement of ETTcP are not widely available in Ghana, hence anaesthesia providers estimate ETTcP according to their experience. The study assessed ETTcP obtained from estimation techniques between anaesthesia providers at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH). It also evaluated the Volume of Air Required (VAR) to obtain an acceptable cuff inflation pressure for sizes 7.0 and 8.0 mm adult endotracheal tubes used at the hospital, and the effect of patient’s age, weight and height on this volume. Methods: Eighty-one patients who underwent general anaesthesia were recruited. ETTcP was measured using an aneroid manometer via a three-way tap. After full cuff deflation, the cuff was refilled with air until an ETTcP of 20 cm H2O was obtained. Independent t-test was used to measure the statistical variations in the ETTcP using estimation techniques in relation to recommended levels as well as the significant difference of mean VAR to obtain a cuff pressure of 20 cm H2O. Grouped t-test was used to determine significant differences in ETTcP between anaesthesia providers using estimation techniques. Results: Mean ETTcP obtained from estimation techniques was (61.87, 73.79) cm H2O. The mean ETTcP measured for Physician and Nurse Anaesthetists were 65.36 cm H20 and 69.52 cm H2O respectively. The mean VAR to achieve an ETTcP of 20 cm H2O for endotracheal tube sizes 7.0 mm and 8.0 mm were 3.90 ± 1.13 mls and 4.55 ± 0.95 mls respectively. Age and weight significantly influenced the VAR to achieve a cuff pressure of 20 cm H2O, however, height did not. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that cuff pressures obtained by estimation techniques were generally higher than the recommended average with no significant difference between anaesthesia providers. However, in the absence of an aneroid manometer, ETTcP of tube sizes 7.0 mm and 8.0 mm can be safely approximated to the recommended levels with predetermined inflation volumes.展开更多
文摘Background The association between substance use including marijuana use and attempted suicide has been well documented.However,little is known about marijuana use and its association with attempted suicide repetition among young people in low-income and middle-income contexts.Aims This analysis was conducted to assess the factors associated with marijuana use and ascertain marijuana use as a determinant of repeated attempted suicide among senior high school(SHS)students in Ghana.Methods Data from the 2012 Global School-Based Student Health Survey in Ghana was used for this study.Modified Poisson,Logistic and Probit models weighted with Mahalanobis distance matching within propensity calliper were employed separately to determine the hypothetical association between marijuana use and repeated attempted suicide.All analysis was performed using Stata 16 and p<0.05 was deemed statistically significant.Results The prevalence estimates of marijuana use and repeated attempted suicide among SHS students in Ghana were 3.4%(95%Cl:2.3 to 5.1)and 11.5%(95%Cl:9.1 to 14.4),respectively.The prevalence of marijuana use was significantly associated with school grade,smoking exposure,parent smoker,alcohol intake and truancy.Marijuana use was positively associated with repeated attempted suicide among SHS in Ghana correlation=0.23,p<0.001.Repeated attempted suicide among students who use marijuana was approximately threefold and fivefold significant compared with nonmarijuana use students,based on the Poisson(adjusted prevalence ratio:3.02;95%Cl:1.67 to 5.43,p<0.001)and Logistic(adjusted OR:5.06;95%Cl:3.19 to 11.64,p<0.001)estimates respectively.Also,the Probit model showed that marijuana use significantly increased the log count of repeated attempted suicide by 95%(ap:0.95;95%CI:0.49 to 1.41,p<0.001).Conclusion Marijuana use does not only influence the onset of suicidal attempts but also repeated attempted suicide among SHS students in Ghana.Special attention is required for suicide attempters with a history of repeated attempts and current marijuana use among SHS students in Ghana.Early identification of the potential risk and protective factors is recommended to inform school-based interventions.National level structured school-based substance abuse interventions and health promotion programmes would be useful.
文摘Background Marijuana use among adolescents,including high school students,has been consistently reported to be associated with a high incidence of suicidal behaviours.Little empirical research has been conducted on the propensity impact of marijuana use on suicidal behaviours in Africa.Aims To assess factors associated with marijuana use and further quantify marijuana use as an associated factor of suicidal behaviours,including repeated attempted suicide,suicidal ideation and suicide planning,among high school students in Africa.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 32802 school-going adolescents using the Global School-Based Student Health Survey data from 10 African countries grouped into West Africa,North Africa,South-East Africa,South Africa and East Africa subregions.Marijuana use and repeated attempted suicide were the main outcome variables.We employed double selection least absolute shrinkage and selection operator poisson regression model to assess risk factors associated with marijuana use and dominance analysis to establish ranked important and common risk factors.Inverse probability weighting poisson regression adjustment was applied to assess impact.Results The prevalence of marijuana use and repeated attempted suicide were 3.7%(95%CI:3.1 to 4.3)and 6.6%(95%CI:5.9 to 7.4),respectively.The most important risk factor for marijuana use generally across the countries and specifically in three subregions was alcohol consumption,which constituted approximately 40%of the impact.The average treatment effect on the treated(ATT)indicated that marijuana use significantly increased the risk of suicidal ideation,suicide planning and repeated attempted suicide by 12%(ATT=0.12(95%CI:0.02 to 0.22)),18%(ATT=0.18(95%CI:0.13 to 0.22))and 31%(ATT=0.31(95%CI:0.20 to 0.41)),respectively.Conclusions Marijuana use was significantly associated with suicidal behaviours(suicidal ideation,planning and repeated attempted suicide)among the students.To achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.5(to strengthen prevention and treatment of substance abuse),school-based-based psychosocial interventions should be streamlined to adequately assess and manage marijuana use.Targeting the most dominant risk factors in this population could translate into the reduction of suicidal behaviours in countries within Africa.
文摘Background: Maintenance of optimal Endotracheal Tube cuff Pressure (ETTcP) in anaesthetic practice reduces cuff pressure complications. Aneroid manometers for measurement of ETTcP are not widely available in Ghana, hence anaesthesia providers estimate ETTcP according to their experience. The study assessed ETTcP obtained from estimation techniques between anaesthesia providers at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH). It also evaluated the Volume of Air Required (VAR) to obtain an acceptable cuff inflation pressure for sizes 7.0 and 8.0 mm adult endotracheal tubes used at the hospital, and the effect of patient’s age, weight and height on this volume. Methods: Eighty-one patients who underwent general anaesthesia were recruited. ETTcP was measured using an aneroid manometer via a three-way tap. After full cuff deflation, the cuff was refilled with air until an ETTcP of 20 cm H2O was obtained. Independent t-test was used to measure the statistical variations in the ETTcP using estimation techniques in relation to recommended levels as well as the significant difference of mean VAR to obtain a cuff pressure of 20 cm H2O. Grouped t-test was used to determine significant differences in ETTcP between anaesthesia providers using estimation techniques. Results: Mean ETTcP obtained from estimation techniques was (61.87, 73.79) cm H2O. The mean ETTcP measured for Physician and Nurse Anaesthetists were 65.36 cm H20 and 69.52 cm H2O respectively. The mean VAR to achieve an ETTcP of 20 cm H2O for endotracheal tube sizes 7.0 mm and 8.0 mm were 3.90 ± 1.13 mls and 4.55 ± 0.95 mls respectively. Age and weight significantly influenced the VAR to achieve a cuff pressure of 20 cm H2O, however, height did not. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that cuff pressures obtained by estimation techniques were generally higher than the recommended average with no significant difference between anaesthesia providers. However, in the absence of an aneroid manometer, ETTcP of tube sizes 7.0 mm and 8.0 mm can be safely approximated to the recommended levels with predetermined inflation volumes.
