Retinal degenerative diseases,such as age-related macular degeneration,retinitis pigmentosa,and Stargardt disease,are primary contributors to irreversible vision loss globally.Due to the scarcity of effective curative...Retinal degenerative diseases,such as age-related macular degeneration,retinitis pigmentosa,and Stargardt disease,are primary contributors to irreversible vision loss globally.Due to the scarcity of effective curative treatments,stem cell therapy has emerged as a revolutionary advancement in ophthalmology.In the last ten years,significant advancements have been achieved in the derivation of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor precursors from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells,with initial clinical trials indicating safety and potential efficacy.Innovative delivery platforms,such as biodegradable scaffolds,microcarrier suspensions,and minimally invasive subretinal devices,are tackling prior challenges related to cell survival and integration.Simultaneously,gene-edited and patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells are positioned to surmount immunological and ethical constraints.Future combinatorial strategies that incorporate stem cells with gene therapy,CRISPR-mediated editing,and bioengineered retinal organoids offer potential for personalized and regenerative methodologies.Nonetheless,enduring functional integration,immune tolerance,and oncogenic safety continue to pose significant challenges.To effectively transition from laboratory research to clinical application,collaborative frameworks among academic institutions,biotechnology companies,and regulatory agencies will be crucial for unlocking the complete therapeutic potential of stem cell-based treatments for retinal diseases.Stem cell therapy has transitioned from a distant promise to an advancing reality set to transform retinal care.展开更多
Viral infections of the ocular surface significantly contribute to morbidity and visual impairment globally.The herpes simplex virus(HSV),adenovirus,cytomegalovirus(CMV),and human papillomavirus(HPV)are predominant pa...Viral infections of the ocular surface significantly contribute to morbidity and visual impairment globally.The herpes simplex virus(HSV),adenovirus,cytomegalovirus(CMV),and human papillomavirus(HPV)are predominant pathogens impacting the cornea and conjunctiva,resulting in recurrent illness,epidemic outbreaks,and virus-associated neoplasia.Progress in virology,immunology,and molecular diagnostics has enhanced comprehension of host–virus interactions and introduced novel therapeutic opportunities.A narrative literature review was performed utilizing PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science,encompassing papers published from 2000 to 2025,with a specific focus on research from 2020 onwards.Eligible publications were peer-reviewed clinical and experimental investigations,together with reviews that focused on epidemiology,etiology,diagnostic methodologies,and therapeutic alternatives.Research indicates that HSV keratitis is the predominant infectious cause of corneal blindness in high-income nations,although adenovirus persists in instigating epidemics of keratoconjunctivitis in the absence of licensed antiviral treatments.CMV keratitis,previously confined to immunocompromised persons,is now acknowledged in immunocompetent patients as a causative agent of corneal endotheliitis.HPV is associated with ocular surface squamous neoplasia,especially in areas with elevated ultraviolet exposure and high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence.Innovative molecular diagnostics,innovative antiviral agents,immunomodulatory approaches,and immunization initiatives signify significant progress that could enhance preventative and therapeutic results.展开更多
Optic neuritis(ON)is a focal inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the optic nerve.Although classically regarded as a sentinel event for multiple sclerosis(MS),ON also occurs in antibody-mediated entities such as aqu...Optic neuritis(ON)is a focal inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the optic nerve.Although classically regarded as a sentinel event for multiple sclerosis(MS),ON also occurs in antibody-mediated entities such as aquaporin-4-IgGpositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(AQP4-NMOSD)and myelinoligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody disease.In all these settings biological sex is a pivotal determinant of susceptibility,clinical expression,treatment response and long-term outcome.Data synthesized from an extensive literature analysis utilizing PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science in this review shows that women experience ON far more frequently–with female-to-male ratios ranging from 3:1 in MS to almost 9:1 in AQP4-NMOSD–yet men,when affected,tend to accumulate irreversible neuro-axonal loss more rapidly.Sex-specific patterns arise at every biological stratum:X-linked gene dosage,epigenetic regulation,hormonal cycles from puberty through menopause,metabolic co-modifiers such as obesity and vitamin-D status,and psychosocial forces that influence healthcare utilization.By weaving these elements into an expanded narrative,the present review provides a detailed resource for clinicians and investigators aiming at gender-tailored management of ON.展开更多
文摘Retinal degenerative diseases,such as age-related macular degeneration,retinitis pigmentosa,and Stargardt disease,are primary contributors to irreversible vision loss globally.Due to the scarcity of effective curative treatments,stem cell therapy has emerged as a revolutionary advancement in ophthalmology.In the last ten years,significant advancements have been achieved in the derivation of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor precursors from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells,with initial clinical trials indicating safety and potential efficacy.Innovative delivery platforms,such as biodegradable scaffolds,microcarrier suspensions,and minimally invasive subretinal devices,are tackling prior challenges related to cell survival and integration.Simultaneously,gene-edited and patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells are positioned to surmount immunological and ethical constraints.Future combinatorial strategies that incorporate stem cells with gene therapy,CRISPR-mediated editing,and bioengineered retinal organoids offer potential for personalized and regenerative methodologies.Nonetheless,enduring functional integration,immune tolerance,and oncogenic safety continue to pose significant challenges.To effectively transition from laboratory research to clinical application,collaborative frameworks among academic institutions,biotechnology companies,and regulatory agencies will be crucial for unlocking the complete therapeutic potential of stem cell-based treatments for retinal diseases.Stem cell therapy has transitioned from a distant promise to an advancing reality set to transform retinal care.
文摘Viral infections of the ocular surface significantly contribute to morbidity and visual impairment globally.The herpes simplex virus(HSV),adenovirus,cytomegalovirus(CMV),and human papillomavirus(HPV)are predominant pathogens impacting the cornea and conjunctiva,resulting in recurrent illness,epidemic outbreaks,and virus-associated neoplasia.Progress in virology,immunology,and molecular diagnostics has enhanced comprehension of host–virus interactions and introduced novel therapeutic opportunities.A narrative literature review was performed utilizing PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science,encompassing papers published from 2000 to 2025,with a specific focus on research from 2020 onwards.Eligible publications were peer-reviewed clinical and experimental investigations,together with reviews that focused on epidemiology,etiology,diagnostic methodologies,and therapeutic alternatives.Research indicates that HSV keratitis is the predominant infectious cause of corneal blindness in high-income nations,although adenovirus persists in instigating epidemics of keratoconjunctivitis in the absence of licensed antiviral treatments.CMV keratitis,previously confined to immunocompromised persons,is now acknowledged in immunocompetent patients as a causative agent of corneal endotheliitis.HPV is associated with ocular surface squamous neoplasia,especially in areas with elevated ultraviolet exposure and high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence.Innovative molecular diagnostics,innovative antiviral agents,immunomodulatory approaches,and immunization initiatives signify significant progress that could enhance preventative and therapeutic results.
文摘Optic neuritis(ON)is a focal inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the optic nerve.Although classically regarded as a sentinel event for multiple sclerosis(MS),ON also occurs in antibody-mediated entities such as aquaporin-4-IgGpositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(AQP4-NMOSD)and myelinoligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody disease.In all these settings biological sex is a pivotal determinant of susceptibility,clinical expression,treatment response and long-term outcome.Data synthesized from an extensive literature analysis utilizing PubMed,Scopus,and Web of Science in this review shows that women experience ON far more frequently–with female-to-male ratios ranging from 3:1 in MS to almost 9:1 in AQP4-NMOSD–yet men,when affected,tend to accumulate irreversible neuro-axonal loss more rapidly.Sex-specific patterns arise at every biological stratum:X-linked gene dosage,epigenetic regulation,hormonal cycles from puberty through menopause,metabolic co-modifiers such as obesity and vitamin-D status,and psychosocial forces that influence healthcare utilization.By weaving these elements into an expanded narrative,the present review provides a detailed resource for clinicians and investigators aiming at gender-tailored management of ON.
