The immediate post-weaning period poses a major challenge on the survival of piglets. Similarly, newly hatched chicks face life threatening challenges due to enteric infections. In the past several years, in-feed anti...The immediate post-weaning period poses a major challenge on the survival of piglets. Similarly, newly hatched chicks face life threatening challenges due to enteric infections. In the past several years, in-feed antibiotics have been used to reduce these production problems and improve growth. However, in-feed antibiotics have been banned in many jurisdictions and therefore the most effective alternatives to infeed antibiotics must be developed. To date, several studies have been conducted to develop alternatives to antibiotics. One of the potential candidates as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics is resistant starch(RS). Resistance starch is a type of starch that resists enzymatic digestion in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract and therefore passes to hindgut where it can be fermented by resident microorganisms. Microbial fermentation of RS in the hindgut results in the production of short chain fatty acids(SCFA). Production of SCFA in turn results in growth and proliferation of colonic and cecal cells, increased expression of genes involved in gut development, and creation of an acidic environment. The acidic environment suppresses the growth of pathogenic microorganisms while selectively promoting the growth of beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to improve gut health and function by modifying and stabilising gut microbial community and by improving the immunological status of the host. In this review, we discussed the roles of RS in modifying and stabilising gut microbiota, gut health and function, carcass quality, and energy metabolism and growth performance in pigs and poultry.展开更多
Two 14-day experiments,each with 90(Duroc×[Yorkshire×Landrace]; 7.3 ± 0.6 kg) piglets,were conducted to determine the optimum sulfur amino acid(SAA) to lysine(Lys) ratio(SAA:Lys) for piglets when reared...Two 14-day experiments,each with 90(Duroc×[Yorkshire×Landrace]; 7.3 ± 0.6 kg) piglets,were conducted to determine the optimum sulfur amino acid(SAA) to lysine(Lys) ratio(SAA:Lys) for piglets when reared under clean or unclean sanitary conditions using performance and non-performance response criteria. Piglets were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments. The basal diet contained 1.18% standardized ileal digestible(SID) Lys, and the SAA:Lys was 52%. In diets 2 to 5, the basal diet was supplemented with 4 graded levels of DL-Met to make SAA:Lys of 56%, 60%, 64% and 68%. In Exp.1, piglets were housed in disinfected clean room. In Exp. 2, piglets were housed in a room previously occupied by other pigs and was not disinfected. On the last day, blood was collected to measure plasma urea nitrogen(PUN) and one pig per pen was euthanized to collect jejunal tissue to measure villus height(VH), crypt depth(CD), and VH:CD. In Exp. 1, increasing SAA:Lys linearly and quadratically increased VH and VH:CD(P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, increasing SAA:Lys linearly increased(P < 0.05) VH and VH:CD and linearly and quadratically decreased PUN(P < 0.05). Estimated PUN and VH-based optimum SAA:Lys requirements for clean and unclean sanitary condition were 60%, 63% and 66%, respectively.展开更多
文摘The immediate post-weaning period poses a major challenge on the survival of piglets. Similarly, newly hatched chicks face life threatening challenges due to enteric infections. In the past several years, in-feed antibiotics have been used to reduce these production problems and improve growth. However, in-feed antibiotics have been banned in many jurisdictions and therefore the most effective alternatives to infeed antibiotics must be developed. To date, several studies have been conducted to develop alternatives to antibiotics. One of the potential candidates as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics is resistant starch(RS). Resistance starch is a type of starch that resists enzymatic digestion in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract and therefore passes to hindgut where it can be fermented by resident microorganisms. Microbial fermentation of RS in the hindgut results in the production of short chain fatty acids(SCFA). Production of SCFA in turn results in growth and proliferation of colonic and cecal cells, increased expression of genes involved in gut development, and creation of an acidic environment. The acidic environment suppresses the growth of pathogenic microorganisms while selectively promoting the growth of beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to improve gut health and function by modifying and stabilising gut microbial community and by improving the immunological status of the host. In this review, we discussed the roles of RS in modifying and stabilising gut microbiota, gut health and function, carcass quality, and energy metabolism and growth performance in pigs and poultry.
基金Evonik IndustriesNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for funding this project
文摘Two 14-day experiments,each with 90(Duroc×[Yorkshire×Landrace]; 7.3 ± 0.6 kg) piglets,were conducted to determine the optimum sulfur amino acid(SAA) to lysine(Lys) ratio(SAA:Lys) for piglets when reared under clean or unclean sanitary conditions using performance and non-performance response criteria. Piglets were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments. The basal diet contained 1.18% standardized ileal digestible(SID) Lys, and the SAA:Lys was 52%. In diets 2 to 5, the basal diet was supplemented with 4 graded levels of DL-Met to make SAA:Lys of 56%, 60%, 64% and 68%. In Exp.1, piglets were housed in disinfected clean room. In Exp. 2, piglets were housed in a room previously occupied by other pigs and was not disinfected. On the last day, blood was collected to measure plasma urea nitrogen(PUN) and one pig per pen was euthanized to collect jejunal tissue to measure villus height(VH), crypt depth(CD), and VH:CD. In Exp. 1, increasing SAA:Lys linearly and quadratically increased VH and VH:CD(P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, increasing SAA:Lys linearly increased(P < 0.05) VH and VH:CD and linearly and quadratically decreased PUN(P < 0.05). Estimated PUN and VH-based optimum SAA:Lys requirements for clean and unclean sanitary condition were 60%, 63% and 66%, respectively.
