Background:Although many sugars are known antibacterial in higher concentrations(>50%W/V)and a few at low concentrations too(≤1 mg/mL),most of the studies are limited to only a few reference isolates,therefore no ...Background:Although many sugars are known antibacterial in higher concentrations(>50%W/V)and a few at low concentrations too(≤1 mg/mL),most of the studies are limited to only a few reference isolates,therefore no concrete conclusion can be drawn.Methods:This study evaluated the antimicrobial potential of 19 sugars against 8000 isolates of bacteria belonging to 46 genera and also against 30 reference strains of microbes of 14 different species.To determine susceptibility to sugars,a sugar-disc(1 mg)diffusion assay was performed on Mueller Hinton agar using the same method used for antimicrobial susceptibility of microbial strains.Results:In the study,of 3,336 isolates of Gram-positive bacteria 147(4.35%)were susceptible to one or more sugars but only 16(0.37%)of the 4644 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to one or other sugar.Gram-positive bacteria were significantly more often susceptible to one or more sugars than isolates of Gram-negative bacteria(OR 13.33,CI99,6.74–26.37).A total of 163 test-isolates(2.04%)but none of the reference strains were sugar susceptible.Most of the isolates susceptible to sugars(135 of 2,295)were members of the Bacillaceae(36/679)and Micrococcaceae(99/1,616)family.However,out of 5,705 isolates belonging to other bacterial families,only 28 isolates(0.49%)were susceptible to one or more sugars.The most effective to least effective sugars as antibacterial were mannose,inositol,mannitol,sucrose,raffinose,ribose,xylose,trehalose,dulcitol,maltose,lactose,inulin,salicin,melibiose,sorbitol,adonitol,arabinose,glucose,and esculin,inhibiting 69,58,23,14,11,10,10,7,7,7,6,6,5,5,5,5,2,1,and 1 of the test-isolates,respectively.Conclusion:The results are still intriguing in determining the utility of sugar susceptibility of different bacteria and are still beyond making any conclusion for their therapeutic utility.However,the study can be concluded that Gram-positive bacteria are generally more susceptible to lower concentrations of different sugars than Gram-negative bacteria,and various sugars have variable selectivity in their antibacterial effect on multiple types of bacteria.展开更多
Objective:A natural cyclic peptide previously isolated from Citrus medica was synthesized by coupling of tetrapep-tide units Boc-Leu-Pro-Trp-Leu-OMe and Boc-Ile-Ala-Ala-Gly-OMe after proper deprotection at carboxyl an...Objective:A natural cyclic peptide previously isolated from Citrus medica was synthesized by coupling of tetrapep-tide units Boc-Leu-Pro-Trp-Leu-OMe and Boc-Ile-Ala-Ala-Gly-OMe after proper deprotection at carboxyl and amino terminals followed by cyclization of linear octapeptide segment. Methods:Solution phase technique was adopted for the synthesis of cyclooctapeptide-sarcodactylamide. Required tetrapeptide units were prepared by coupling of Boc-protected dipeptides viz. Boc-Leu-Pro-OH and Boc-Ile-Ala-OH with respective dipeptide methyl esters Trp-Leu-OMe and Ala-Gly-OMe. Cyclization of linear octapeptide unit was done by p-nitrophenyl ester method. The structure of synthesized cyclopolypeptide was elucidated by FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR,FABMS spectral data and elemental analysis. The newly synthesized peptide was evaluated for dif-ferent pharmacological activities including antimicrobial,anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Results:Synthesis of sarcodac-tylamide was accomplished with >78% yield utilizing dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCC) as coupling agent. Newly synthesized peptide possessed potent cytotoxic activity against Dalton's lymphoma ascites(DLA) and Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma(EAC) cell lines,in addition to moderate anthelmintic activity against earthworms Megascoplex konkanensis,Pontoscotex corethruses and Eudrilus sp. Moreover,cyclopolypeptide displayed good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa,in comparison to standard drugs griseofulvin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion:Solution phase technique employing DCC and triethylamine(TEA) as base proved to be effective for the synthesis of natural cyclooctapeptide. N-methyl morpholine(NMM) was found to be a better base for the cyclization of linear octapeptide unit in comparison to TEA and pyridine.展开更多
Reclamation and revegetation of a coal mine spoils with various revegetation models utilizing the mycorrhizal technology were studied. The models with different combination of plant species were designed to test the h...Reclamation and revegetation of a coal mine spoils with various revegetation models utilizing the mycorrhizal technology were studied. The models with different combination of plant species were designed to test the hypothesis of speedy revegetation. Root colonization and spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) were lowest in plants seeded directly on slopes of the overburden (coal mine dump). At flat surfaces, the mycorrhizal colonization in plant species was higher than that observed at slopes. In other revegetation models, i.e., tree monoculture, tree monoculture + crop species (agroforestry), and two strata plantations (combination of different plant species), maximum AM colonization was recorded for tree species grown along with crop species. This was followed by two strata plantations and tree monoculture. In two strata plantations three categories of AM associations were recognized: 1) every plant in the combination, possessed high mycorrhizal association, 2) only one plant in the combination possessed high mycorrhizal association, and 3) none of the plants in the combination possessed high mycorrhizal association. Azadirachta indica, Pongamia pinnata, Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia catechu were most effective in catching mycorrhizae, and can be used as the effective tool in rehabilitation of the degraded ecosystems.展开更多
Available reports suggest that, Leishmania donovani antigen KMP-11 may be significant in the modulation of immune responses in visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This study evaluated vaccine prospect of presentation of KMP-...Available reports suggest that, Leishmania donovani antigen KMP-11 may be significant in the modulation of immune responses in visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This study evaluated vaccine prospect of presentation of KMP-11 antigen through murine dendritic cells against VL in infected BALB/c mice. We report here that immunization with KMP-11 delivered through bone marrow derived dendritic cells can lead to killing of L. donovani in infected BALB/c mice. Furthermore, the strategy to use KMP-11 as vaccine delivered through DCs can stimulate the production of IFN-g, IL-12, IL-2R and TNF-α with concomitant down-regulation of IL-10 and IL-4. Furthermore, anti-leishmanial defence function (ROS) of splenocytes was observed increased in the presence of DC-delivered KMP-11 vaccination accompanied with an increased p38-MAPK signalling in vaccinated splenocytes. We summarized from our data that KMP-11 delivered through DCs has potential for eliciting protective immunity through pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, TNF-α) following an up-regulation in signalling event of p38-MAPK. Therefore the study suggests a new control strategy against VL in future.展开更多
In this study, a soil filled Hydraulic Tilting Flume (HTF) was used as a test plot under simulated rainfallconditions. This flume was flled with mollisols soils (sandy loam in texture) collected from tarai regionof Hi...In this study, a soil filled Hydraulic Tilting Flume (HTF) was used as a test plot under simulated rainfallconditions. This flume was flled with mollisols soils (sandy loam in texture) collected from tarai regionof Himalayas. The effects of root and shoot characteristics of Napier grass in terms of leaf area index (LAI),shoot length (SL), number of leaves (NL), number of tillers (NT), shoot biomass (SB), root density (RD),root length (RL), root biomass (RB), and total biomass (TB) were investigated on runoff and sedimentoutflow at 90, 120 and 150 days after planting (DAP). Four simulated rainfall intensities namely 4.0, 6.5,8.3 and 9.4 cm/h over three land slopes of 1, 2 and 3% were selected. Runoff samples collected fromwhole plant plot and only root plot were analyzed for runoff and sediment outflow. Findings revealedthat Napier grasses were very effective to reduce runoff and sediment outflow and its efficacy increasedwith the extended growth stages. The reduction in runoff and sediment outflow at 90, 120 and 150 DAPwas obtained as 56% and 85%, 68% and 90%, and 74% and 96%, respectively, as compared to bare plotconditions. It was observed that the comparative contribution of shoots in runoff rate reduction washigher than the roots. On the contrary, the root part of the plant showed more contribution in sedimentrate reduction as compared to the shoot part. Step wise regression was attempted for the selection ofeffective input parameters to establish authentic runoff and sediment outflow models. Power form ofmultiple non-linear regression (MNLR) showed very satisfactory results for predicting runoff and sedimentoutflow with coefficient of determination (R^(2)) as 97.4% and 99.0%, respectively, root mean squareerror (RMSE) as 38.8 cc/m^(2)/min and 0.126 g/m^(2)/min, respectively, and coefficient of efficiency (CE) as93.9% and 96.7%, respectively, during testing period.展开更多
The health benefits associated with probiotics have increased their application in pharmaceutical formulations and functional food development. High production of probiotic biomass requires a cost-effective production...The health benefits associated with probiotics have increased their application in pharmaceutical formulations and functional food development. High production of probiotic biomass requires a cost-effective production method and nutrient media optimization. The biomass production of probiotics can be enhanced by optimizing growth parameters such as substrate, pH, incubation time, etc. For economical industrial production of probiotic biomass, it is required to design a new medium with low cost. Wastes from the food industries are promising components for the development of the low-cost medium. Industrial wastes such as cheese whey and corn steep liquor are excellent examples of reliable sources of nitrogen for the biomass production of probiotic bacteria. The increased yield of biomass reduced the cost of production. This review focuses on the importance of probiotic media for biomass production and its challenges.展开更多
This paper develops twin models towards integrated production inventory planning for manufacturer–retailer ecosystem in a sustainable supply chain setup.Decision-making models are developed in fuzzy environment and u...This paper develops twin models towards integrated production inventory planning for manufacturer–retailer ecosystem in a sustainable supply chain setup.Decision-making models are developed in fuzzy environment and under purview of carbon taxation system.Novel conception of Fermatean fuzzy numbers is introduced for handling parameters imprecision.The first model addresses planning problem without considering green investments,whereas the second one additionally identifies optimal green investments for each player of ecosystem.Models are formulated as nonlinear optimization problems with objective of maximizing profit.Comparison of results from both models enables decision-makers to figure out the profitability of green investment option.Numerical instance with data from the existing literature is solved using Mathematica 12.1.Computational results for studied case report profitability of green investments for supply chain partners and significant reduction in carbon emissions as well.Variation analysis demonstrates stability of the proposed model.Developed models equip small-scale retailer-manufacture tie-ups prevalent in developing economies for discussed decisions.展开更多
Viruses are obligate intracellular entities that require a living host and its machinery for replication.During replication,viral components known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)are sensed by a family...Viruses are obligate intracellular entities that require a living host and its machinery for replication.During replication,viral components known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)are sensed by a family of innate immune sensors or pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and promote an antiviral state.Viral nucleic acids are one of the key PAMPs sensed by cytosolic RIG-I-like receptors(RLRs),Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(cGAS),Absent In Melanoma 2(AIM2),Interferon Gamma Inducible Protein 16(IFI16),and Z-DNA Binding Protein 1(ZBP1 or DAI)and endosome-localized Toll-like receptors(TLR3,7,8,and 9).1 Recognition of viral RNA by Retinoic acid-inducible gene I(RIG-I),Melanoma differentiation associated gene 5(MDA5),and TLR3,7,and 8 or viral DNA by TLR9,cGAS,AIM2,IFI16,and DAI triggers a cascade of signaling events to recruit transcription factors,interferon regulatory factors and NF-κB.Activated IRF3/7 and NF-κB translocate to the nucleus and induce expression of type I and III interferons and proinflammatory cytokines,respectively.1 The production of these interferons is further enhanced in an autocrine and paracrine manner through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.Type I and III interferons further induce interferoninducible genes,and together with proinflammatory cytokines,they develop an antiviral state.The antiviral state is characterized by by apoptosis of virally infected cells and inhibition of the cellular protein synthesis machinery,making the uninfected cells resistant to viral infection and initiates virus-specific adaptive immune responses(Fig.1a).展开更多
基金supported by grants received from CAAST-ACLH(NAHEP/CAAST/2018-19)of ICAR-World Bank-funded National Agricultural Higher Education Project(NAHEP).
文摘Background:Although many sugars are known antibacterial in higher concentrations(>50%W/V)and a few at low concentrations too(≤1 mg/mL),most of the studies are limited to only a few reference isolates,therefore no concrete conclusion can be drawn.Methods:This study evaluated the antimicrobial potential of 19 sugars against 8000 isolates of bacteria belonging to 46 genera and also against 30 reference strains of microbes of 14 different species.To determine susceptibility to sugars,a sugar-disc(1 mg)diffusion assay was performed on Mueller Hinton agar using the same method used for antimicrobial susceptibility of microbial strains.Results:In the study,of 3,336 isolates of Gram-positive bacteria 147(4.35%)were susceptible to one or more sugars but only 16(0.37%)of the 4644 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to one or other sugar.Gram-positive bacteria were significantly more often susceptible to one or more sugars than isolates of Gram-negative bacteria(OR 13.33,CI99,6.74–26.37).A total of 163 test-isolates(2.04%)but none of the reference strains were sugar susceptible.Most of the isolates susceptible to sugars(135 of 2,295)were members of the Bacillaceae(36/679)and Micrococcaceae(99/1,616)family.However,out of 5,705 isolates belonging to other bacterial families,only 28 isolates(0.49%)were susceptible to one or more sugars.The most effective to least effective sugars as antibacterial were mannose,inositol,mannitol,sucrose,raffinose,ribose,xylose,trehalose,dulcitol,maltose,lactose,inulin,salicin,melibiose,sorbitol,adonitol,arabinose,glucose,and esculin,inhibiting 69,58,23,14,11,10,10,7,7,7,6,6,5,5,5,5,2,1,and 1 of the test-isolates,respectively.Conclusion:The results are still intriguing in determining the utility of sugar susceptibility of different bacteria and are still beyond making any conclusion for their therapeutic utility.However,the study can be concluded that Gram-positive bacteria are generally more susceptible to lower concentrations of different sugars than Gram-negative bacteria,and various sugars have variable selectivity in their antibacterial effect on multiple types of bacteria.
文摘Objective:A natural cyclic peptide previously isolated from Citrus medica was synthesized by coupling of tetrapep-tide units Boc-Leu-Pro-Trp-Leu-OMe and Boc-Ile-Ala-Ala-Gly-OMe after proper deprotection at carboxyl and amino terminals followed by cyclization of linear octapeptide segment. Methods:Solution phase technique was adopted for the synthesis of cyclooctapeptide-sarcodactylamide. Required tetrapeptide units were prepared by coupling of Boc-protected dipeptides viz. Boc-Leu-Pro-OH and Boc-Ile-Ala-OH with respective dipeptide methyl esters Trp-Leu-OMe and Ala-Gly-OMe. Cyclization of linear octapeptide unit was done by p-nitrophenyl ester method. The structure of synthesized cyclopolypeptide was elucidated by FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR,FABMS spectral data and elemental analysis. The newly synthesized peptide was evaluated for dif-ferent pharmacological activities including antimicrobial,anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Results:Synthesis of sarcodac-tylamide was accomplished with >78% yield utilizing dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCC) as coupling agent. Newly synthesized peptide possessed potent cytotoxic activity against Dalton's lymphoma ascites(DLA) and Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma(EAC) cell lines,in addition to moderate anthelmintic activity against earthworms Megascoplex konkanensis,Pontoscotex corethruses and Eudrilus sp. Moreover,cyclopolypeptide displayed good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa,in comparison to standard drugs griseofulvin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion:Solution phase technique employing DCC and triethylamine(TEA) as base proved to be effective for the synthesis of natural cyclooctapeptide. N-methyl morpholine(NMM) was found to be a better base for the cyclization of linear octapeptide unit in comparison to TEA and pyridine.
文摘Reclamation and revegetation of a coal mine spoils with various revegetation models utilizing the mycorrhizal technology were studied. The models with different combination of plant species were designed to test the hypothesis of speedy revegetation. Root colonization and spore density of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) were lowest in plants seeded directly on slopes of the overburden (coal mine dump). At flat surfaces, the mycorrhizal colonization in plant species was higher than that observed at slopes. In other revegetation models, i.e., tree monoculture, tree monoculture + crop species (agroforestry), and two strata plantations (combination of different plant species), maximum AM colonization was recorded for tree species grown along with crop species. This was followed by two strata plantations and tree monoculture. In two strata plantations three categories of AM associations were recognized: 1) every plant in the combination, possessed high mycorrhizal association, 2) only one plant in the combination possessed high mycorrhizal association, and 3) none of the plants in the combination possessed high mycorrhizal association. Azadirachta indica, Pongamia pinnata, Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia catechu were most effective in catching mycorrhizae, and can be used as the effective tool in rehabilitation of the degraded ecosystems.
文摘Available reports suggest that, Leishmania donovani antigen KMP-11 may be significant in the modulation of immune responses in visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This study evaluated vaccine prospect of presentation of KMP-11 antigen through murine dendritic cells against VL in infected BALB/c mice. We report here that immunization with KMP-11 delivered through bone marrow derived dendritic cells can lead to killing of L. donovani in infected BALB/c mice. Furthermore, the strategy to use KMP-11 as vaccine delivered through DCs can stimulate the production of IFN-g, IL-12, IL-2R and TNF-α with concomitant down-regulation of IL-10 and IL-4. Furthermore, anti-leishmanial defence function (ROS) of splenocytes was observed increased in the presence of DC-delivered KMP-11 vaccination accompanied with an increased p38-MAPK signalling in vaccinated splenocytes. We summarized from our data that KMP-11 delivered through DCs has potential for eliciting protective immunity through pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, TNF-α) following an up-regulation in signalling event of p38-MAPK. Therefore the study suggests a new control strategy against VL in future.
文摘In this study, a soil filled Hydraulic Tilting Flume (HTF) was used as a test plot under simulated rainfallconditions. This flume was flled with mollisols soils (sandy loam in texture) collected from tarai regionof Himalayas. The effects of root and shoot characteristics of Napier grass in terms of leaf area index (LAI),shoot length (SL), number of leaves (NL), number of tillers (NT), shoot biomass (SB), root density (RD),root length (RL), root biomass (RB), and total biomass (TB) were investigated on runoff and sedimentoutflow at 90, 120 and 150 days after planting (DAP). Four simulated rainfall intensities namely 4.0, 6.5,8.3 and 9.4 cm/h over three land slopes of 1, 2 and 3% were selected. Runoff samples collected fromwhole plant plot and only root plot were analyzed for runoff and sediment outflow. Findings revealedthat Napier grasses were very effective to reduce runoff and sediment outflow and its efficacy increasedwith the extended growth stages. The reduction in runoff and sediment outflow at 90, 120 and 150 DAPwas obtained as 56% and 85%, 68% and 90%, and 74% and 96%, respectively, as compared to bare plotconditions. It was observed that the comparative contribution of shoots in runoff rate reduction washigher than the roots. On the contrary, the root part of the plant showed more contribution in sedimentrate reduction as compared to the shoot part. Step wise regression was attempted for the selection ofeffective input parameters to establish authentic runoff and sediment outflow models. Power form ofmultiple non-linear regression (MNLR) showed very satisfactory results for predicting runoff and sedimentoutflow with coefficient of determination (R^(2)) as 97.4% and 99.0%, respectively, root mean squareerror (RMSE) as 38.8 cc/m^(2)/min and 0.126 g/m^(2)/min, respectively, and coefficient of efficiency (CE) as93.9% and 96.7%, respectively, during testing period.
文摘The health benefits associated with probiotics have increased their application in pharmaceutical formulations and functional food development. High production of probiotic biomass requires a cost-effective production method and nutrient media optimization. The biomass production of probiotics can be enhanced by optimizing growth parameters such as substrate, pH, incubation time, etc. For economical industrial production of probiotic biomass, it is required to design a new medium with low cost. Wastes from the food industries are promising components for the development of the low-cost medium. Industrial wastes such as cheese whey and corn steep liquor are excellent examples of reliable sources of nitrogen for the biomass production of probiotic bacteria. The increased yield of biomass reduced the cost of production. This review focuses on the importance of probiotic media for biomass production and its challenges.
文摘This paper develops twin models towards integrated production inventory planning for manufacturer–retailer ecosystem in a sustainable supply chain setup.Decision-making models are developed in fuzzy environment and under purview of carbon taxation system.Novel conception of Fermatean fuzzy numbers is introduced for handling parameters imprecision.The first model addresses planning problem without considering green investments,whereas the second one additionally identifies optimal green investments for each player of ecosystem.Models are formulated as nonlinear optimization problems with objective of maximizing profit.Comparison of results from both models enables decision-makers to figure out the profitability of green investment option.Numerical instance with data from the existing literature is solved using Mathematica 12.1.Computational results for studied case report profitability of green investments for supply chain partners and significant reduction in carbon emissions as well.Variation analysis demonstrates stability of the proposed model.Developed models equip small-scale retailer-manufacture tie-ups prevalent in developing economies for discussed decisions.
文摘Viruses are obligate intracellular entities that require a living host and its machinery for replication.During replication,viral components known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)are sensed by a family of innate immune sensors or pattern recognition receptors(PRRs)and promote an antiviral state.Viral nucleic acids are one of the key PAMPs sensed by cytosolic RIG-I-like receptors(RLRs),Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(cGAS),Absent In Melanoma 2(AIM2),Interferon Gamma Inducible Protein 16(IFI16),and Z-DNA Binding Protein 1(ZBP1 or DAI)and endosome-localized Toll-like receptors(TLR3,7,8,and 9).1 Recognition of viral RNA by Retinoic acid-inducible gene I(RIG-I),Melanoma differentiation associated gene 5(MDA5),and TLR3,7,and 8 or viral DNA by TLR9,cGAS,AIM2,IFI16,and DAI triggers a cascade of signaling events to recruit transcription factors,interferon regulatory factors and NF-κB.Activated IRF3/7 and NF-κB translocate to the nucleus and induce expression of type I and III interferons and proinflammatory cytokines,respectively.1 The production of these interferons is further enhanced in an autocrine and paracrine manner through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.Type I and III interferons further induce interferoninducible genes,and together with proinflammatory cytokines,they develop an antiviral state.The antiviral state is characterized by by apoptosis of virally infected cells and inhibition of the cellular protein synthesis machinery,making the uninfected cells resistant to viral infection and initiates virus-specific adaptive immune responses(Fig.1a).
