This study uses the data from the National Family Health Survey round-2. Using hierarchical linear models the role of community level variables in predicting neonatal deaths at individual level is analyzed. SAS sub-ro...This study uses the data from the National Family Health Survey round-2. Using hierarchical linear models the role of community level variables in predicting neonatal deaths at individual level is analyzed. SAS sub-routine PROC GLIMMIX is used for hierarchical linear modeling. Findings re-enforce the importance of mother’s literacy and tetanus toxid vaccination during pregnancy in predicting neonatal deaths at individual level. At community level, though the magnitude of the presence of either a private doctor, or a visiting doctor, or a village guide, or a traditional health attendant, or the presence of mobile health van unit within community is in an expected direction, the effect is statistically not significant. In order to capture true impact of community level intervention of program success it is imperative that the large demographic surveys should incorporate more and more community level indicators while designing these surveys.展开更多
Female age at marriage in Uttar Pradesh is amongst the lowest in India. Previous studies on female age at marriage in an Indian context primarily focused on the individual level factors impacting female age at marriag...Female age at marriage in Uttar Pradesh is amongst the lowest in India. Previous studies on female age at marriage in an Indian context primarily focused on the individual level factors impacting female age at marriage. Community level factors that influence the female age at marriage in Uttar Pradesh were non-existent. In this study, the impact of community presence of mass media is studied using Hierarchical Linear Models. Thus using the data from NFHS-2, the study explores the within community presence of any forms of print, electronic or local mass media and its impact on female age at marriage in Uttar Pradesh. Total of 7175 currently married individual women were nested in 317 rural communities across Uttar Pradesh. Hierarchal linear modeling using SAS PROC MIXED was used in the study. The intra-class correlation of 0.13 indicates fair bit of clustering of female age at marriage within communities. Thirteen percent of the differences in female age at marriage are due to between community differences in Uttar Pradesh. Communities’ exposure to any forms of mass media has a positive impact on female age at marriage in Uttar Pradesh.展开更多
The widespread manufacture of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is hindered by the significant use of toxic solvents in the solution processing.Among the alternative synthesis routes,the newly developed water-processable ap...The widespread manufacture of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is hindered by the significant use of toxic solvents in the solution processing.Among the alternative synthesis routes,the newly developed water-processable approach stands out for its environmental friendliness and scalability.However,the performance of the water-processed PSCs still lag behind those fabricated using organic solvents.In this research,we advance the water-processing fabrication of PSCs using an additive engineering strategy.Specifically,PbF_(2)is employed to regulate perovskite crystallization in the water-based perovskite synthesis process.The additive is found to not only accelerate the phase transformation rate,forming photoactive perovskite phase of the film,but also enhance the preferable crystal orientation of the resultant perovskite.The fluoride anion,with its strong electronegativity,creates robust passivation for the surface of perovskite grains,leading to improved optical and electrical properties.As a result,significant improvement in device performance is achieved,with an optimal power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 18.1%for the PbF_(2)-added device compared to the pristine device(PCE of 16.3%).Additionally,the devices exhibit prolonged operational and environmental lifetimes.展开更多
文摘This study uses the data from the National Family Health Survey round-2. Using hierarchical linear models the role of community level variables in predicting neonatal deaths at individual level is analyzed. SAS sub-routine PROC GLIMMIX is used for hierarchical linear modeling. Findings re-enforce the importance of mother’s literacy and tetanus toxid vaccination during pregnancy in predicting neonatal deaths at individual level. At community level, though the magnitude of the presence of either a private doctor, or a visiting doctor, or a village guide, or a traditional health attendant, or the presence of mobile health van unit within community is in an expected direction, the effect is statistically not significant. In order to capture true impact of community level intervention of program success it is imperative that the large demographic surveys should incorporate more and more community level indicators while designing these surveys.
文摘Female age at marriage in Uttar Pradesh is amongst the lowest in India. Previous studies on female age at marriage in an Indian context primarily focused on the individual level factors impacting female age at marriage. Community level factors that influence the female age at marriage in Uttar Pradesh were non-existent. In this study, the impact of community presence of mass media is studied using Hierarchical Linear Models. Thus using the data from NFHS-2, the study explores the within community presence of any forms of print, electronic or local mass media and its impact on female age at marriage in Uttar Pradesh. Total of 7175 currently married individual women were nested in 317 rural communities across Uttar Pradesh. Hierarchal linear modeling using SAS PROC MIXED was used in the study. The intra-class correlation of 0.13 indicates fair bit of clustering of female age at marriage within communities. Thirteen percent of the differences in female age at marriage are due to between community differences in Uttar Pradesh. Communities’ exposure to any forms of mass media has a positive impact on female age at marriage in Uttar Pradesh.
基金supported by the Australian Research Council(ARC)Linkage Project(LP210100217)。
文摘The widespread manufacture of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is hindered by the significant use of toxic solvents in the solution processing.Among the alternative synthesis routes,the newly developed water-processable approach stands out for its environmental friendliness and scalability.However,the performance of the water-processed PSCs still lag behind those fabricated using organic solvents.In this research,we advance the water-processing fabrication of PSCs using an additive engineering strategy.Specifically,PbF_(2)is employed to regulate perovskite crystallization in the water-based perovskite synthesis process.The additive is found to not only accelerate the phase transformation rate,forming photoactive perovskite phase of the film,but also enhance the preferable crystal orientation of the resultant perovskite.The fluoride anion,with its strong electronegativity,creates robust passivation for the surface of perovskite grains,leading to improved optical and electrical properties.As a result,significant improvement in device performance is achieved,with an optimal power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 18.1%for the PbF_(2)-added device compared to the pristine device(PCE of 16.3%).Additionally,the devices exhibit prolonged operational and environmental lifetimes.
