There is a bidirectional association between type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB),with each enhancing the risk of the other,thus increasing the burden of both drug-sensitive and drug-resistan...There is a bidirectional association between type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB),with each enhancing the risk of the other,thus increasing the burden of both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant forms of the disease.This dual burden also has a detrimental impact on patient's mental health.Although several recommendations have been made for bidirectional screening of diabetes and tuberculosis,implementation remains poor,resulting in increased morbidity and mortality among patients with this comorbidity.Mental health is often neglected,as clinical outcomes receive disproportionate focus,with limited attention to patients’social and psychological well-being.According to the World Health Organization,health is defined as a state of physical,mental,and social well-being,and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.The aim of this mini-review is to highlight the intersection of PTB and T2DM,specifically discussing the mental health outcomes of the co-burden.展开更多
AIM:To characterize oxidase-and urease-producing bacterial isolates,grown aerobically,that originated from antral biopsies of patients suffering from acid peptic diseases.METHODS:A total of 258 antral biopsy specimens...AIM:To characterize oxidase-and urease-producing bacterial isolates,grown aerobically,that originated from antral biopsies of patients suffering from acid peptic diseases.METHODS:A total of 258 antral biopsy specimens were subjected to isolation of bacteria followed by tests for oxidase and urease production,acid tolerance and aerobic growth.The selected isolates were further characterized by molecular techniques viz.amplifications for 16S rRNA using universal eubacterial and HSP60 gene specific primers.The amplicons were subjected to restriction analysis and partial sequencing.A phylogenetic tree was generated using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean(UPGMA) from evolutionary distance computed with bootstrap test of phylogeny.Assessment of acidity tolerance of bacteria isolated from antrum was performed using hydrochloric acid from 10-7 mol/L to 10-1 mol/L.RESULTS:Of the 258 antral biopsy specimens collected from patients,179(69.4%) were positive for urease production by rapid urease test and 31%(80/258) yielded typical Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) after 5-7 d of incubation under a microaerophilic environment.A total of 240(93%) antral biopsies yielded homogeneous semi-translucent and small colonies after overnight incubation.The partial 16S rRNA sequences revealed that the isolates had 99% similarity with Pseudomonas species.A phylogenetic tree on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences denoted that JQ927226 and JQ927227 were likely to be related to Pseudomonas fluorescens(P.fluorescens).On the basis ofHSP60 sequences applied to the UPGMA phylogenetic tree,it was observed that isolated strains in an aerobic environment were likely to be P.fluorescens,and HSP60 sequences had more discriminatory potential rather than 16S rRNA sequences.Interestingly,this bacterium was acid tolerant for hours at low pH.Further,a total of 250(96.9%) genomic DNA samples of 258 biopsy specimens and DNA from 240 bacterial isolates were positive for the 613 bp amplicons by targeting P.fluorescens-specific conserved putative outer membrane protein gene sequences.CONCLUSION:This study indicates that bacterial isolates from antral biopsies grown aerobically were P.fluorescens,and thus acid-tolerant bacteria other than H.pylori can also colonize the stomach and may be implicated in pathogenesis/protection.展开更多
Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection is unequivocally the worst crisis in recent decades,which is caused by a severe acute respiratory virus 2.Currently,there is no effective therapy for the COVID-19 infection....Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection is unequivocally the worst crisis in recent decades,which is caused by a severe acute respiratory virus 2.Currently,there is no effective therapy for the COVID-19 infection.Different countries have different guidelines for treating COVID-19 in the absence of an approved therapy for COVID-19.Therefore,there is an imminent need to identify effective treatments,and several clinical trials have been conducted worldwide.Both hydroxychloroquine[HCQS],chloroquine,and azithromycin(AZ)have been widely used for management based on in vitro studies favoring antiviral effects against the COVID-19 virus.However,there is evidence both in favor and against the use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin(HCQS+AZ)combination therapy to manage the COVID-19 infection.The combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was significantly associated with increased adverse events.However,the inference of these findings was from observational studies.Therefore,large randomized trials are imperative to show the future path for the use of HCQS+AZ combination therapy.However,owing to the ban on HCQS use in COVID-19,this may no longer be essential.This review is on the pharmacology,trials,regimens,and side effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin combination therapy.展开更多
The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has had a tremendous adverse impact on the global health system,public sector,and social aspects.It is unarguably the worst pandemic of the century.However,COVID-19 manag...The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has had a tremendous adverse impact on the global health system,public sector,and social aspects.It is unarguably the worst pandemic of the century.However,COVID-19 management is a mystery in front of us,and an authentic treatment is urgently needed.Various repurposed drugs,like ivermectin,remdesivir,tocilizumab,baricitinib,etc.,have been used to treat COVID-19,but none are promising.Antibody therapy and their combinations are emerging modalities for treating moderate COVID-19,and they have shown the potential to reduce hospitalisations.One antibody monotherapy,bamlanivimab,and two cocktails,casirivimab/imdevimab and bamlanivimab/esterivimab,have received authorization for emergency use by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of mild COVID-19 in high risk individuals.The European Emergency has made similar recommendations for use of the drug in COVID-19 patients without oxygen therapy.This brief review will focus on monoclonal antibodies and their combination cocktail therapy in managing COVID-19 infection.展开更多
The prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome(CMS)and increasing mortality rate play a significant role in the global increase of cardiovascular disease(CVD)in developing countries.A group of metabolic syndromes that are...The prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome(CMS)and increasing mortality rate play a significant role in the global increase of cardiovascular disease(CVD)in developing countries.A group of metabolic syndromes that are risk factors for CVDs are referred to as the CMS.Although the exact mechanism(s)behind the development of the CMS are not known,but multi-organ insulin resistance,a prevalent characteristic of the syndrome,is probably one of them.The two most prevalent dental diseases i.e.periodontitis(PD)and dental caries have been re-lated to several systemic diseases and disorders,such as CMS.Age,alcohol con-sumption,being obese,possessing diabetes,as well as smoking are risk factors for periodontal diseases,while both CVD and periodontal diseases are linked to systemic inflammation.It has a multifactorial aetiology and is associated with many systemic diseases.When bacteria and their products attack the periodontal tissues,the tissue raises an immune-inflammatory response against the patho-gens.This acute phase response is a result of the pathogen’s systemic attack and contributes to the overall inflammatory burden of the system.CVD and PD are both diseases associated with systemic inflammation and may be related as they share many common risk factors.Hence,the correlation between these conditions might also have an impact on how dentistry and medicine are practised,thus helping to build a working relationship between the dentist and the physician.展开更多
文摘There is a bidirectional association between type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB),with each enhancing the risk of the other,thus increasing the burden of both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant forms of the disease.This dual burden also has a detrimental impact on patient's mental health.Although several recommendations have been made for bidirectional screening of diabetes and tuberculosis,implementation remains poor,resulting in increased morbidity and mortality among patients with this comorbidity.Mental health is often neglected,as clinical outcomes receive disproportionate focus,with limited attention to patients’social and psychological well-being.According to the World Health Organization,health is defined as a state of physical,mental,and social well-being,and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.The aim of this mini-review is to highlight the intersection of PTB and T2DM,specifically discussing the mental health outcomes of the co-burden.
基金Supported by Department of Biotechnology,Government of India,No. 102/IFD/SAN/PR1310/2006-07Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,New Delhi,India,in the form of Senior Research Fellowship (to Patel SK)
文摘AIM:To characterize oxidase-and urease-producing bacterial isolates,grown aerobically,that originated from antral biopsies of patients suffering from acid peptic diseases.METHODS:A total of 258 antral biopsy specimens were subjected to isolation of bacteria followed by tests for oxidase and urease production,acid tolerance and aerobic growth.The selected isolates were further characterized by molecular techniques viz.amplifications for 16S rRNA using universal eubacterial and HSP60 gene specific primers.The amplicons were subjected to restriction analysis and partial sequencing.A phylogenetic tree was generated using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean(UPGMA) from evolutionary distance computed with bootstrap test of phylogeny.Assessment of acidity tolerance of bacteria isolated from antrum was performed using hydrochloric acid from 10-7 mol/L to 10-1 mol/L.RESULTS:Of the 258 antral biopsy specimens collected from patients,179(69.4%) were positive for urease production by rapid urease test and 31%(80/258) yielded typical Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) after 5-7 d of incubation under a microaerophilic environment.A total of 240(93%) antral biopsies yielded homogeneous semi-translucent and small colonies after overnight incubation.The partial 16S rRNA sequences revealed that the isolates had 99% similarity with Pseudomonas species.A phylogenetic tree on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences denoted that JQ927226 and JQ927227 were likely to be related to Pseudomonas fluorescens(P.fluorescens).On the basis ofHSP60 sequences applied to the UPGMA phylogenetic tree,it was observed that isolated strains in an aerobic environment were likely to be P.fluorescens,and HSP60 sequences had more discriminatory potential rather than 16S rRNA sequences.Interestingly,this bacterium was acid tolerant for hours at low pH.Further,a total of 250(96.9%) genomic DNA samples of 258 biopsy specimens and DNA from 240 bacterial isolates were positive for the 613 bp amplicons by targeting P.fluorescens-specific conserved putative outer membrane protein gene sequences.CONCLUSION:This study indicates that bacterial isolates from antral biopsies grown aerobically were P.fluorescens,and thus acid-tolerant bacteria other than H.pylori can also colonize the stomach and may be implicated in pathogenesis/protection.
文摘Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection is unequivocally the worst crisis in recent decades,which is caused by a severe acute respiratory virus 2.Currently,there is no effective therapy for the COVID-19 infection.Different countries have different guidelines for treating COVID-19 in the absence of an approved therapy for COVID-19.Therefore,there is an imminent need to identify effective treatments,and several clinical trials have been conducted worldwide.Both hydroxychloroquine[HCQS],chloroquine,and azithromycin(AZ)have been widely used for management based on in vitro studies favoring antiviral effects against the COVID-19 virus.However,there is evidence both in favor and against the use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin(HCQS+AZ)combination therapy to manage the COVID-19 infection.The combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was significantly associated with increased adverse events.However,the inference of these findings was from observational studies.Therefore,large randomized trials are imperative to show the future path for the use of HCQS+AZ combination therapy.However,owing to the ban on HCQS use in COVID-19,this may no longer be essential.This review is on the pharmacology,trials,regimens,and side effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin combination therapy.
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has had a tremendous adverse impact on the global health system,public sector,and social aspects.It is unarguably the worst pandemic of the century.However,COVID-19 management is a mystery in front of us,and an authentic treatment is urgently needed.Various repurposed drugs,like ivermectin,remdesivir,tocilizumab,baricitinib,etc.,have been used to treat COVID-19,but none are promising.Antibody therapy and their combinations are emerging modalities for treating moderate COVID-19,and they have shown the potential to reduce hospitalisations.One antibody monotherapy,bamlanivimab,and two cocktails,casirivimab/imdevimab and bamlanivimab/esterivimab,have received authorization for emergency use by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of mild COVID-19 in high risk individuals.The European Emergency has made similar recommendations for use of the drug in COVID-19 patients without oxygen therapy.This brief review will focus on monoclonal antibodies and their combination cocktail therapy in managing COVID-19 infection.
文摘The prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome(CMS)and increasing mortality rate play a significant role in the global increase of cardiovascular disease(CVD)in developing countries.A group of metabolic syndromes that are risk factors for CVDs are referred to as the CMS.Although the exact mechanism(s)behind the development of the CMS are not known,but multi-organ insulin resistance,a prevalent characteristic of the syndrome,is probably one of them.The two most prevalent dental diseases i.e.periodontitis(PD)and dental caries have been re-lated to several systemic diseases and disorders,such as CMS.Age,alcohol con-sumption,being obese,possessing diabetes,as well as smoking are risk factors for periodontal diseases,while both CVD and periodontal diseases are linked to systemic inflammation.It has a multifactorial aetiology and is associated with many systemic diseases.When bacteria and their products attack the periodontal tissues,the tissue raises an immune-inflammatory response against the patho-gens.This acute phase response is a result of the pathogen’s systemic attack and contributes to the overall inflammatory burden of the system.CVD and PD are both diseases associated with systemic inflammation and may be related as they share many common risk factors.Hence,the correlation between these conditions might also have an impact on how dentistry and medicine are practised,thus helping to build a working relationship between the dentist and the physician.
