The network-on-chip(NoC)technology is frequently referred to as a front-end solution to a back-end problem.The physical substructure that transfers data on the chip and ensures the quality of service begins to collaps...The network-on-chip(NoC)technology is frequently referred to as a front-end solution to a back-end problem.The physical substructure that transfers data on the chip and ensures the quality of service begins to collapse when the size of semiconductor transistor dimensions shrinks and growing numbers of intellectual property(IP)blocks working together are integrated into a chip.The system on chip(SoC)architecture of today is so complex that not utilizing the crossbar and traditional hierarchical bus architecture.NoC connectivity reduces the amount of hardware required for routing and functions,allowing SoCs with NoC interconnect fabrics to operate at higher frequencies.Ring(Octagons)is a direct NoC that is specifically used to solve the scalability problem by expanding each node in the shape of an octagon.This paper discusses the ring NoC design concept and its simulation in Xilinx ISE 14.7,as well as the communication of functional nodes.For the field-programmable gate array(FPGA)synthesis,the performance of NoC is evaluated in terms of hardware and timing parameters.The design allows 64 to 256 node communication in a single chip with‘N’bit data transfer in the ring NoC.The performance of the NoC is evaluated with variable nodes from 2 to 256 in Digilent manufactured Virtex-5 FPGA hardware.展开更多
The fourth-generation(4G)and fifth-generation(5G)wireless communication systems use the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)modulation techniques and subcarrier allocations.The OFDM modulator and demodulat...The fourth-generation(4G)and fifth-generation(5G)wireless communication systems use the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)modulation techniques and subcarrier allocations.The OFDM modulator and demodulator have inverse fast Fourier transform(IFFT)and fast Fourier transform(FFT)respectively.The biggest challenge in IFFT/FFT processor is the computation of imaginary and real values.CORDIC has been proved one of the best rotation algorithms for logarithmic,trigonometric,and complex calculations.The proposed work focuses on the OFDM transceiver hardware chip implementation,in which 8-point to 1024-point IFFT and FFT are used to compute the operations in transmitter and receiver respectively.The coordinate rotation digital computer(CORDIC)algorithm has read-only memory(ROM)-based architecture to store FFT twiddle factors and their angle generators.The address generation unit is required to fetch the data and write the results into the memory in the appropriate sequence.CORDIC provides low memory,delay,and optimized hardware on the field-programmable gate array(FPGA)in comparison to normal FFT architecture for the OFDM system.The comparative performance of the FFT and CORDICFFT based OFDM transceiver chip is estimated using FPGA parameters:slices,flip-flops,lookup table(LUTs),frequency,power,and delay.The design is developed using integrated synthesis environment(ISE)Xilinx version 14.7 software,synthesized using very-high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language(VHDL),and tested on Virtex-5 FPGA.展开更多
Wireless sensor network(WSN)is a group of interconnected sensor nodes that work wirelessly to capture the information of surroundings.The routing of the network is a challenging task.The routing of WSN is classified a...Wireless sensor network(WSN)is a group of interconnected sensor nodes that work wirelessly to capture the information of surroundings.The routing of the network is a challenging task.The routing of WSN is classified as proactive,reactive,and hybrid.Adhoc on-demand distance vector(AODV)routing is an example of reactive routing based on the demand route formations among different nodes in the network.The research article emphasizes the design and simulation of the AODV routing hardware chip using very-high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language(VHDL)programming in Xilinx integrated synthesis environment(ISE)14.7 software.The performance of the chip is studied based on the field-programmable gate array(FPGA)hardware parameters such as slices,lookup table(LUTs),input/output block(IOB),flipflops,and memory for the different configurations of the network(N=10,20….100).The delay and frequency are also estimated on the Virtex-5 FPGA.The performance of the WSN with AODV routing is also analyzed based on the packet delivery ratio,throughput,delay,and control overhead.The simulation test cases verified the 8-bit,64-bit,and 128-bit data communication within the nodes.展开更多
Hydrogen is hailed as a plentiful and clean energy source,which holds promise as a substitute for fossil fuels,particularly when produced through solar water splitting.However,its volatile and explosive nature necessi...Hydrogen is hailed as a plentiful and clean energy source,which holds promise as a substitute for fossil fuels,particularly when produced through solar water splitting.However,its volatile and explosive nature necessitates stringent safety measures throughout its production,transportation,and utilization.This study analyzes hydrogen gas leakage detection by using various sensors such as ultrasonic,electrochemical,metal oxide(MOX),catalytic,and fiber Bragg grating sensors.Various sensor technologies are developed for hydrogen leak detection,and each offers unique advantages and challenges.Fiber optic sensors,leveraging changes in light interference,provide explosion resistance and durability,while ultrasonic sensors detect leaks through sound wave analysis,albeit with limited commercial application in hydrogen environments.Schlieren imaging offers real-time visualization of hydrogen behavior,predominantly in laboratory settings.Electrochemical sensors enable reliable detection through electrochemical interactions,while MOX sensors exhibit sensitivity and ease of manufacturing,albeit with challenges related to cross-sensitivity and response times.Catalytic gas sensors and thermal conductivity sensors offer alternative detection methods,with the former catalyzing hydrogen combustion for detection and the latter measuring temperature differentials upon exposure to hydrogen.The analysis of hydrogen leakage incidents highlights the importance of robust safety measures in hydrogen infrastructure and facilities.The integration of innovative sensing technologies with automated shutdown systems and robust materials has enhanced the reliability and efficiency of leak detection systems.Continued research and cooperation are essential to address residual challenges and further enhance the safety of hydrogen utilization in various industrial sectors.展开更多
As different artificial intelligence(AI)techniques continue to evolve,power systems are undergoing significant technological changes with the primary goal of reducing computational time,decreasing utility and consumer...As different artificial intelligence(AI)techniques continue to evolve,power systems are undergoing significant technological changes with the primary goal of reducing computational time,decreasing utility and consumer costs and ensuring the reliable operation of an electrical power system.AI techniques compute large amounts of data at a faster speed than numerical optimization methods with higher processing speeds.With these features,AI techniques can further automate and increase the performance of power sys-tems.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of diverse AI techniques that can be applied in power system operation,control and planning,aiming to facilitate their various applications.We explained how AI can be used to resolve system frequency changes,maintain the voltage profile to minimize transmission losses,reduce the fault rate and minimize reactive current in distributed sys-tems to increase the power factor and improve the voltage profile.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project,Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia,under Grant TURSP-2020/26.
文摘The network-on-chip(NoC)technology is frequently referred to as a front-end solution to a back-end problem.The physical substructure that transfers data on the chip and ensures the quality of service begins to collapse when the size of semiconductor transistor dimensions shrinks and growing numbers of intellectual property(IP)blocks working together are integrated into a chip.The system on chip(SoC)architecture of today is so complex that not utilizing the crossbar and traditional hierarchical bus architecture.NoC connectivity reduces the amount of hardware required for routing and functions,allowing SoCs with NoC interconnect fabrics to operate at higher frequencies.Ring(Octagons)is a direct NoC that is specifically used to solve the scalability problem by expanding each node in the shape of an octagon.This paper discusses the ring NoC design concept and its simulation in Xilinx ISE 14.7,as well as the communication of functional nodes.For the field-programmable gate array(FPGA)synthesis,the performance of NoC is evaluated in terms of hardware and timing parameters.The design allows 64 to 256 node communication in a single chip with‘N’bit data transfer in the ring NoC.The performance of the NoC is evaluated with variable nodes from 2 to 256 in Digilent manufactured Virtex-5 FPGA hardware.
文摘The fourth-generation(4G)and fifth-generation(5G)wireless communication systems use the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)modulation techniques and subcarrier allocations.The OFDM modulator and demodulator have inverse fast Fourier transform(IFFT)and fast Fourier transform(FFT)respectively.The biggest challenge in IFFT/FFT processor is the computation of imaginary and real values.CORDIC has been proved one of the best rotation algorithms for logarithmic,trigonometric,and complex calculations.The proposed work focuses on the OFDM transceiver hardware chip implementation,in which 8-point to 1024-point IFFT and FFT are used to compute the operations in transmitter and receiver respectively.The coordinate rotation digital computer(CORDIC)algorithm has read-only memory(ROM)-based architecture to store FFT twiddle factors and their angle generators.The address generation unit is required to fetch the data and write the results into the memory in the appropriate sequence.CORDIC provides low memory,delay,and optimized hardware on the field-programmable gate array(FPGA)in comparison to normal FFT architecture for the OFDM system.The comparative performance of the FFT and CORDICFFT based OFDM transceiver chip is estimated using FPGA parameters:slices,flip-flops,lookup table(LUTs),frequency,power,and delay.The design is developed using integrated synthesis environment(ISE)Xilinx version 14.7 software,synthesized using very-high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language(VHDL),and tested on Virtex-5 FPGA.
文摘Wireless sensor network(WSN)is a group of interconnected sensor nodes that work wirelessly to capture the information of surroundings.The routing of the network is a challenging task.The routing of WSN is classified as proactive,reactive,and hybrid.Adhoc on-demand distance vector(AODV)routing is an example of reactive routing based on the demand route formations among different nodes in the network.The research article emphasizes the design and simulation of the AODV routing hardware chip using very-high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language(VHDL)programming in Xilinx integrated synthesis environment(ISE)14.7 software.The performance of the chip is studied based on the field-programmable gate array(FPGA)hardware parameters such as slices,lookup table(LUTs),input/output block(IOB),flipflops,and memory for the different configurations of the network(N=10,20….100).The delay and frequency are also estimated on the Virtex-5 FPGA.The performance of the WSN with AODV routing is also analyzed based on the packet delivery ratio,throughput,delay,and control overhead.The simulation test cases verified the 8-bit,64-bit,and 128-bit data communication within the nodes.
文摘Hydrogen is hailed as a plentiful and clean energy source,which holds promise as a substitute for fossil fuels,particularly when produced through solar water splitting.However,its volatile and explosive nature necessitates stringent safety measures throughout its production,transportation,and utilization.This study analyzes hydrogen gas leakage detection by using various sensors such as ultrasonic,electrochemical,metal oxide(MOX),catalytic,and fiber Bragg grating sensors.Various sensor technologies are developed for hydrogen leak detection,and each offers unique advantages and challenges.Fiber optic sensors,leveraging changes in light interference,provide explosion resistance and durability,while ultrasonic sensors detect leaks through sound wave analysis,albeit with limited commercial application in hydrogen environments.Schlieren imaging offers real-time visualization of hydrogen behavior,predominantly in laboratory settings.Electrochemical sensors enable reliable detection through electrochemical interactions,while MOX sensors exhibit sensitivity and ease of manufacturing,albeit with challenges related to cross-sensitivity and response times.Catalytic gas sensors and thermal conductivity sensors offer alternative detection methods,with the former catalyzing hydrogen combustion for detection and the latter measuring temperature differentials upon exposure to hydrogen.The analysis of hydrogen leakage incidents highlights the importance of robust safety measures in hydrogen infrastructure and facilities.The integration of innovative sensing technologies with automated shutdown systems and robust materials has enhanced the reliability and efficiency of leak detection systems.Continued research and cooperation are essential to address residual challenges and further enhance the safety of hydrogen utilization in various industrial sectors.
文摘As different artificial intelligence(AI)techniques continue to evolve,power systems are undergoing significant technological changes with the primary goal of reducing computational time,decreasing utility and consumer costs and ensuring the reliable operation of an electrical power system.AI techniques compute large amounts of data at a faster speed than numerical optimization methods with higher processing speeds.With these features,AI techniques can further automate and increase the performance of power sys-tems.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of diverse AI techniques that can be applied in power system operation,control and planning,aiming to facilitate their various applications.We explained how AI can be used to resolve system frequency changes,maintain the voltage profile to minimize transmission losses,reduce the fault rate and minimize reactive current in distributed sys-tems to increase the power factor and improve the voltage profile.
