Objective:To determine the magnitude of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections among HTV/AIDS patients in Bahir Dar.Methods:Cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/ AIDS patients att...Objective:To determine the magnitude of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections among HTV/AIDS patients in Bahir Dar.Methods:Cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/ AIDS patients attending Gambi higher clinic from Aprill- May 30,2009. Convenient sampling technique was employed to identify the study subjects and hence a total of 248 subjects were included.A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data of patients.Stool samples were examined by direct saline,iodine wet mount, formol-ether sedimentation concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Results:Out of 248 enrolled in the study,171(69.0%)(90 males and 81 females) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites.The highest rate of intestinal parasites were observed among HIV/AIDS patients(80.3%,151/188),and the infection rate of HIV negative individuals was 33.3%(20/60).Cryptosporidum parvum(43.6%),Isospora belli(15.5%) and Blastocystis hominis (10.5%) were opportunistic parasites that were found only in HIV/AIDS patients.Conclusions: Opportunistic parasite infections are common health problem among HIV/ AIDS patients in the study area.Therefore,early detection and treatment of these parasites are important to improve the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients.展开更多
Objective:To assess the prevalence of malaria helminth co-infections and their contribution for aneamia in febrile patients attending Azzezo health center,Gondar,Northwest Ethiopia. Methods:A cross section study was c...Objective:To assess the prevalence of malaria helminth co-infections and their contribution for aneamia in febrile patients attending Azzezo health center,Gondar,Northwest Ethiopia. Methods:A cross section study was conducted among febrile patients attending Azezo health center from February-March 30,2011.Convenient sampling technique was used to select 384 individuals.Both capillary blood and stool were collected.Giemsa stained thick and thin blood film were prepared for identification of Plasmodium species and stool sample was examined by direct wet mount and formalin-ether concentration technique for detection of intestinal helminthes parasites.Haemoglobin concentration was determined using a portable haemoglobin spectrophotometer,Hemocue Hb 201 analyzer.Results:Out of 384 febrile patients examined for malaria parasites,44(11.5%) individuals were positive for malaria parasites,of which Plasmodium vivax accounted for 75.0%(33),Plasmodium falciparum for 20.5%(9| infectious,whereas two person (4.5%) had mixed species infection.Prevalence of malaria was higher in males(28) when compared with prevalence in females(16).More than half(207,53.9%) of study participants had one or more infection.Prevalence was slightly higher in females(109,52.7%) than in males(98,47.3%).About helminths,Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant isolate(62.1%) followed by hookworms(18.4%). Only 22 participants were co-infected with malaria parasite and helminths and co-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides was predominant(45.0%).The prevalence of anemia was 10.9%and co-infection with Plasmodium and helminth parasites was significantly associated with(P【0.000 1) higher aneamia prevalence compared to individuals without any infection.Conclusions: Prevalence of malaria and soil transmitted helminths is high and the disease is still major health problem in the study area.Hence,simultaneous combat against the two parasitic infections is very crucial to improve health of the affected communities in economically developing countries.展开更多
Objective:To assess the prevalence and risk factors of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among Condar town prisoners.North West Ethiopia.Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted from February to July,2008 in ...Objective:To assess the prevalence and risk factors of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among Condar town prisoners.North West Ethiopia.Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted from February to July,2008 in Condar Prison.Prisoners with cough duration of more than two weeks were involved in the study by giving three sputum samples and filling the questionnaires prepared for risk factor assessment.Acid fast staining technique was employed to delect the presence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in the sputum samples.Data was analyzed using SPSS version13 computer software and presented in table.Chi-square test was used to assess associations and a P-value less than 0.05 was taken as significant.Results:A total of 384 prisoners,349 male and 35 females,with a mean age of 33.3 years were involved in the study.The prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among those prisoners with cough duration of more than two wecks was 8.59%.Only the length of imprisonment had a significant association(χ~2= 18.82,P-value【0.0001) with the prevalence of tuberculosis.Conclusions:This study indicated that tuberculosis among prisoners with cough duration of more then two weeks in Gondar prison is very high.Therefore Periodic screening of the prisoners and screening of newly introduced prisoners should be practiced so as to minimise the burden of tuberculosis in prisoners.展开更多
In this paper, we build an epidemiological model to investigate the dynamics of the spread of dengue fever in human population. We apply optimal control theory via the Pontryagins Minimum Principle together with the R...In this paper, we build an epidemiological model to investigate the dynamics of the spread of dengue fever in human population. We apply optimal control theory via the Pontryagins Minimum Principle together with the Runge-Kutta solution technique to a “simple” SEIRS disease model. Controls representing education and drug therapy treatment are incorporated to reduce the latently infected and actively infected individual populations. The overall thrust is the minimization of the spread of the disease in a population by adopting an optimization technique as a guideline.展开更多
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious, fatal skin disease of cattle caused by a virus of the family Poxviridae (genus Capripox). In addition, severely affected animals suffer from reduced weight, cessation of milk...Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious, fatal skin disease of cattle caused by a virus of the family Poxviridae (genus Capripox). In addition, severely affected animals suffer from reduced weight, cessation of milk production and infertility. The aim of this paper is to computationally apply epidemiological (SEIR) and optimal control (OC) techniques to study the transmission and the impact of vaccination on LSD. Based on our numerical experiments, we were able to deduce the overall impact of the optimal strategy adopted for this study on the cattle population for vaccination rates within the range of 0 ≤ v ≤ 0.85. It is shown that the vaccination as a control strategy significantly reduced the effects of LSD on the cattle population if properly managed and that an optimal performance of the control strategy adopted hererin is achieved at an approximate value of v = 0.6.展开更多
文摘Objective:To determine the magnitude of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections among HTV/AIDS patients in Bahir Dar.Methods:Cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/ AIDS patients attending Gambi higher clinic from Aprill- May 30,2009. Convenient sampling technique was employed to identify the study subjects and hence a total of 248 subjects were included.A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data of patients.Stool samples were examined by direct saline,iodine wet mount, formol-ether sedimentation concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Results:Out of 248 enrolled in the study,171(69.0%)(90 males and 81 females) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites.The highest rate of intestinal parasites were observed among HIV/AIDS patients(80.3%,151/188),and the infection rate of HIV negative individuals was 33.3%(20/60).Cryptosporidum parvum(43.6%),Isospora belli(15.5%) and Blastocystis hominis (10.5%) were opportunistic parasites that were found only in HIV/AIDS patients.Conclusions: Opportunistic parasite infections are common health problem among HIV/ AIDS patients in the study area.Therefore,early detection and treatment of these parasites are important to improve the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients.
基金university of Gondar and Azzezo health center for their support
文摘Objective:To assess the prevalence of malaria helminth co-infections and their contribution for aneamia in febrile patients attending Azzezo health center,Gondar,Northwest Ethiopia. Methods:A cross section study was conducted among febrile patients attending Azezo health center from February-March 30,2011.Convenient sampling technique was used to select 384 individuals.Both capillary blood and stool were collected.Giemsa stained thick and thin blood film were prepared for identification of Plasmodium species and stool sample was examined by direct wet mount and formalin-ether concentration technique for detection of intestinal helminthes parasites.Haemoglobin concentration was determined using a portable haemoglobin spectrophotometer,Hemocue Hb 201 analyzer.Results:Out of 384 febrile patients examined for malaria parasites,44(11.5%) individuals were positive for malaria parasites,of which Plasmodium vivax accounted for 75.0%(33),Plasmodium falciparum for 20.5%(9| infectious,whereas two person (4.5%) had mixed species infection.Prevalence of malaria was higher in males(28) when compared with prevalence in females(16).More than half(207,53.9%) of study participants had one or more infection.Prevalence was slightly higher in females(109,52.7%) than in males(98,47.3%).About helminths,Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant isolate(62.1%) followed by hookworms(18.4%). Only 22 participants were co-infected with malaria parasite and helminths and co-infection with Ascaris lumbricoides was predominant(45.0%).The prevalence of anemia was 10.9%and co-infection with Plasmodium and helminth parasites was significantly associated with(P【0.000 1) higher aneamia prevalence compared to individuals without any infection.Conclusions: Prevalence of malaria and soil transmitted helminths is high and the disease is still major health problem in the study area.Hence,simultaneous combat against the two parasitic infections is very crucial to improve health of the affected communities in economically developing countries.
文摘Objective:To assess the prevalence and risk factors of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among Condar town prisoners.North West Ethiopia.Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted from February to July,2008 in Condar Prison.Prisoners with cough duration of more than two weeks were involved in the study by giving three sputum samples and filling the questionnaires prepared for risk factor assessment.Acid fast staining technique was employed to delect the presence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in the sputum samples.Data was analyzed using SPSS version13 computer software and presented in table.Chi-square test was used to assess associations and a P-value less than 0.05 was taken as significant.Results:A total of 384 prisoners,349 male and 35 females,with a mean age of 33.3 years were involved in the study.The prevalence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis among those prisoners with cough duration of more than two wecks was 8.59%.Only the length of imprisonment had a significant association(χ~2= 18.82,P-value【0.0001) with the prevalence of tuberculosis.Conclusions:This study indicated that tuberculosis among prisoners with cough duration of more then two weeks in Gondar prison is very high.Therefore Periodic screening of the prisoners and screening of newly introduced prisoners should be practiced so as to minimise the burden of tuberculosis in prisoners.
文摘In this paper, we build an epidemiological model to investigate the dynamics of the spread of dengue fever in human population. We apply optimal control theory via the Pontryagins Minimum Principle together with the Runge-Kutta solution technique to a “simple” SEIRS disease model. Controls representing education and drug therapy treatment are incorporated to reduce the latently infected and actively infected individual populations. The overall thrust is the minimization of the spread of the disease in a population by adopting an optimization technique as a guideline.
文摘Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious, fatal skin disease of cattle caused by a virus of the family Poxviridae (genus Capripox). In addition, severely affected animals suffer from reduced weight, cessation of milk production and infertility. The aim of this paper is to computationally apply epidemiological (SEIR) and optimal control (OC) techniques to study the transmission and the impact of vaccination on LSD. Based on our numerical experiments, we were able to deduce the overall impact of the optimal strategy adopted for this study on the cattle population for vaccination rates within the range of 0 ≤ v ≤ 0.85. It is shown that the vaccination as a control strategy significantly reduced the effects of LSD on the cattle population if properly managed and that an optimal performance of the control strategy adopted hererin is achieved at an approximate value of v = 0.6.
