In this study,the effect of hot deformation on martensitic stainless steel was carried out in temperatures between 950 to 1100℃ and strain rates of 0.001,0.01 and 0.1 s 1.Two important dynamic recrystallization param...In this study,the effect of hot deformation on martensitic stainless steel was carried out in temperatures between 950 to 1100℃ and strain rates of 0.001,0.01 and 0.1 s 1.Two important dynamic recrystallization parameters,the critical strain and the point of maximum dynamic softening,were derived from strain hardening rate vs stress curves.Then the calculated parameters were used to predict the dynamic recrystallized fraction.Our results show that critical stress and strain increase with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain rate.The hot deformation activation energy of the steel is also investigated in the present work with 413 kJ/mol.Our experimental flow curves are in fair agreement with the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization model.展开更多
In this research, the dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of an as-cast precipitation hardenable （PH） stainless steel was investigated by conducting hot compression tests at temperatures between 950-1150℃ an...In this research, the dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of an as-cast precipitation hardenable （PH） stainless steel was investigated by conducting hot compression tests at temperatures between 950-1150℃ and under strain rates of 0.001-1 s^-1. The flow stress curves show that the DRX is responsible for flow softening during hot compression. The effects of temperature and strain rate on the strain and stress corresponding to peak point （εp and σp） of flow curve were analyzed individually. It is realized that, they increase with strain rate and decrease with temperature. The relationship between Zener-Hollomon parameter （Z） and εp was investigated and the equation of εp=4.3×10^-4^0.14 was proposed. The strain for the maximum rate of DRX （εmax） was determined under different deformation conditions. Therefore, it is realized that it increases with Z parameter and vise versa. On the basis of obtained results, the equation of εmax=9.5 × 10^-4Z0.12 was proposed.展开更多
In this research,aging treatments at temperatures of 800 and 900°C for different aging time of 5-60 min were conducted on solution treated as well as hot worked samples of 2205 dual phase stainless steel.The effe...In this research,aging treatments at temperatures of 800 and 900°C for different aging time of 5-60 min were conducted on solution treated as well as hot worked samples of 2205 dual phase stainless steel.The effect of aging treatment on precipitation of intermetallic phases was investigated in undeformed specimens and those subjected to hot deformation with different strain rates of 0.001-1 s-1.It was found that σ precipitation increased by hot working.It was also concluded that the volume fraction of phase increased with deformation temperature and decreased with strain rate.The precipitation of intermetallic phases（i.e.σ and χ） was analyzed by an Avrami-type kinetics equation of %（σ＋χ）=A（1-exp（-ktn）） and the values of n and ln k were estimated for different thermomechanical regimes.The values of n were assessed to increase from 0.4 to 1 with strain rate in the studied range.Otherwise,It was also understood that ln k decreased with strain rate.Microstructural observations by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that σ particles mostly nucleated at the ferrite-austenite interfaces.But no sign of χ-phase could be seen.This fortified the idea of certain literature that χ-phase always forms at early stages of aging and consumes through the precipitation of σ.展开更多
Duplex stainless steels （DSS） with ferritic-austenitic microstructures offer good combination of resistance to pitting corrosion and high strength that are not concomitantly attainable using conventional single phas...Duplex stainless steels （DSS） with ferritic-austenitic microstructures offer good combination of resistance to pitting corrosion and high strength that are not concomitantly attainable using conventional single phase austenitic or ferritic stainless steels, The DSS used in this investigation was 2205 alloy having a stable microstructure consisting of about 45% ferrite and 55% austenite at ambient temperature. In order to investigate aging behavior of this steel and the influences on mechanical properties, different aging treatments were conducted at temperatures of 350-950℃ for various aging time of 15, 30, 60 and 180 min. The aged specimens were subjected to impact testing and hardness measurements. Finally, the changes in microstructure due to aging were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that aging at temperatures lower than 550℃ for different time had negligible effects on mechanical properties. Besides, no considerable changes in term of precipitation of harmful intermetallic particles were observed in microstructure below this temperature. However, a critical temperature range, 550-650 ℃, was introduced here. Aging in this range led to a significant decrease in toughness and notable increase in hardness. The formation of intermetallic phases such as CT was recognized as the major reason for the observed changes.展开更多
In order to analyze the flow behavior and workability of Ni-42Cu in cast and wrought conditions, hot deformation tests were performed at temperatures and strain rates within the ranges of 900-1150 ℃ and 0.001-1 s^-1,...In order to analyze the flow behavior and workability of Ni-42Cu in cast and wrought conditions, hot deformation tests were performed at temperatures and strain rates within the ranges of 900-1150 ℃ and 0.001-1 s^-1, respectively. Tensile tests showed a “hot ductility trough” at 950 ℃ for both alloys. The drop in hot ductility was more considerable in the cast alloy because of the sluggish dynamic recrystallization. The hot ductility drop and grain boundary cracking, particularly in the cast alloy, were attributed to the segregation of detrimental atoms to the boundaries. It was shown that the hot ductility of the wrought alloy could be improved with increasing strain rate. It was associated with increasing the fraction of dynamic recrystallization at higher strain rates. This finding corroborated the change in the mechanism of dynamic recrystallization with strain rate. The strain rate sensitivity and instability parameters calculated for the wrought alloy showed that the material is prone to strain localization at low temperatures, i.e., 950-1050 ℃, and high strain rates of 0.1 and 1 s-1. Based on the tensile and compression tests, the best temperature range for a desirable hot workability was introduced as 1050-1150 ℃.展开更多
Thermomechanical processing as a combination of cold rolling and annealing was performed on austenitic stainless steels 301,304 and 304L. Two cold rolling steps each one up to a reduction of 75% were combined with an ...Thermomechanical processing as a combination of cold rolling and annealing was performed on austenitic stainless steels 301,304 and 304L. Two cold rolling steps each one up to a reduction of 75% were combined with an intermediate annealing at 800℃ for 20 min. The final annealing was performed at.the same temperature and time. Cold rolling contributed to martensite formation at the expense of metastable austenite in the studied materials. Austenite in 301 was found to be less stable than that in 304 and 304L. Hence, higher strength characteristics in the as-quenched 301 stainless steels were attributed to the higher volume fraction of martensite. Both α′-martensite and ε-martensite were found to form as induced by deformation. However, the intensity of ε-martensite increased as the stability of austenite decreased. Annealing after cold rolling led to the reversion of austenite with an ultra fine grained structure in the order of 0.5-1 μm from the strain induced martensite. The final grain size was found to be an inverse function of the amount of strain induced martensite. The thermomechanical processing considerably improved the strength characteristics while the simultaneous decrease of elongation was rather low.展开更多
Single-and two-step hot compression experiments were carried out on 16Cr25Ni6Mo superaustenitic stainless steel in the temperature range from 950 to 1150°C and at a strain rate of 0.1 s^（-1）. In the two-step te...Single-and two-step hot compression experiments were carried out on 16Cr25Ni6Mo superaustenitic stainless steel in the temperature range from 950 to 1150°C and at a strain rate of 0.1 s^（-1）. In the two-step tests, the first pass was interrupted at a strain of 0.2; after an interpass time of 5, 20, 40, 60, or 80 s, the test was resumed. The progress of dynamic recrystallization at the interruption strain was less than 10%. The static softening in the interpass period increased with increasing deformation temperature and increasing interpass time. The static recrystallization was found to be responsible for fast static softening in the temperature range from 950 to 1050°C. However, the gentle static softening at 1100 and 1150°C was attributed to the combination of static and metadynamic recrystallizations. The correlation between calculated fractional softening and microstructural observations showed that approximately 30% of interpass softening could be attributed to the static recovery. The microstructural observations illustrated the formation of fine recrystallized grains at the grain boundaries at longer interpass time. The Avrami kinetics equation was used to establish a relationship between the fractional softening and the interpass period. The activation energy for static softening was determined as 276 kJ/mol.展开更多
文摘In this study,the effect of hot deformation on martensitic stainless steel was carried out in temperatures between 950 to 1100℃ and strain rates of 0.001,0.01 and 0.1 s 1.Two important dynamic recrystallization parameters,the critical strain and the point of maximum dynamic softening,were derived from strain hardening rate vs stress curves.Then the calculated parameters were used to predict the dynamic recrystallized fraction.Our results show that critical stress and strain increase with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain rate.The hot deformation activation energy of the steel is also investigated in the present work with 413 kJ/mol.Our experimental flow curves are in fair agreement with the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization model.
文摘In this research, the dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of an as-cast precipitation hardenable （PH） stainless steel was investigated by conducting hot compression tests at temperatures between 950-1150℃ and under strain rates of 0.001-1 s^-1. The flow stress curves show that the DRX is responsible for flow softening during hot compression. The effects of temperature and strain rate on the strain and stress corresponding to peak point （εp and σp） of flow curve were analyzed individually. It is realized that, they increase with strain rate and decrease with temperature. The relationship between Zener-Hollomon parameter （Z） and εp was investigated and the equation of εp=4.3×10^-4^0.14 was proposed. The strain for the maximum rate of DRX （εmax） was determined under different deformation conditions. Therefore, it is realized that it increases with Z parameter and vise versa. On the basis of obtained results, the equation of εmax=9.5 × 10^-4Z0.12 was proposed.
文摘In this research,aging treatments at temperatures of 800 and 900°C for different aging time of 5-60 min were conducted on solution treated as well as hot worked samples of 2205 dual phase stainless steel.The effect of aging treatment on precipitation of intermetallic phases was investigated in undeformed specimens and those subjected to hot deformation with different strain rates of 0.001-1 s-1.It was found that σ precipitation increased by hot working.It was also concluded that the volume fraction of phase increased with deformation temperature and decreased with strain rate.The precipitation of intermetallic phases（i.e.σ and χ） was analyzed by an Avrami-type kinetics equation of %（σ＋χ）=A（1-exp（-ktn）） and the values of n and ln k were estimated for different thermomechanical regimes.The values of n were assessed to increase from 0.4 to 1 with strain rate in the studied range.Otherwise,It was also understood that ln k decreased with strain rate.Microstructural observations by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that σ particles mostly nucleated at the ferrite-austenite interfaces.But no sign of χ-phase could be seen.This fortified the idea of certain literature that χ-phase always forms at early stages of aging and consumes through the precipitation of σ.
文摘Duplex stainless steels （DSS） with ferritic-austenitic microstructures offer good combination of resistance to pitting corrosion and high strength that are not concomitantly attainable using conventional single phase austenitic or ferritic stainless steels, The DSS used in this investigation was 2205 alloy having a stable microstructure consisting of about 45% ferrite and 55% austenite at ambient temperature. In order to investigate aging behavior of this steel and the influences on mechanical properties, different aging treatments were conducted at temperatures of 350-950℃ for various aging time of 15, 30, 60 and 180 min. The aged specimens were subjected to impact testing and hardness measurements. Finally, the changes in microstructure due to aging were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that aging at temperatures lower than 550℃ for different time had negligible effects on mechanical properties. Besides, no considerable changes in term of precipitation of harmful intermetallic particles were observed in microstructure below this temperature. However, a critical temperature range, 550-650 ℃, was introduced here. Aging in this range led to a significant decrease in toughness and notable increase in hardness. The formation of intermetallic phases such as CT was recognized as the major reason for the observed changes.
文摘In order to analyze the flow behavior and workability of Ni-42Cu in cast and wrought conditions, hot deformation tests were performed at temperatures and strain rates within the ranges of 900-1150 ℃ and 0.001-1 s^-1, respectively. Tensile tests showed a “hot ductility trough” at 950 ℃ for both alloys. The drop in hot ductility was more considerable in the cast alloy because of the sluggish dynamic recrystallization. The hot ductility drop and grain boundary cracking, particularly in the cast alloy, were attributed to the segregation of detrimental atoms to the boundaries. It was shown that the hot ductility of the wrought alloy could be improved with increasing strain rate. It was associated with increasing the fraction of dynamic recrystallization at higher strain rates. This finding corroborated the change in the mechanism of dynamic recrystallization with strain rate. The strain rate sensitivity and instability parameters calculated for the wrought alloy showed that the material is prone to strain localization at low temperatures, i.e., 950-1050 ℃, and high strain rates of 0.1 and 1 s-1. Based on the tensile and compression tests, the best temperature range for a desirable hot workability was introduced as 1050-1150 ℃.
文摘Thermomechanical processing as a combination of cold rolling and annealing was performed on austenitic stainless steels 301,304 and 304L. Two cold rolling steps each one up to a reduction of 75% were combined with an intermediate annealing at 800℃ for 20 min. The final annealing was performed at.the same temperature and time. Cold rolling contributed to martensite formation at the expense of metastable austenite in the studied materials. Austenite in 301 was found to be less stable than that in 304 and 304L. Hence, higher strength characteristics in the as-quenched 301 stainless steels were attributed to the higher volume fraction of martensite. Both α′-martensite and ε-martensite were found to form as induced by deformation. However, the intensity of ε-martensite increased as the stability of austenite decreased. Annealing after cold rolling led to the reversion of austenite with an ultra fine grained structure in the order of 0.5-1 μm from the strain induced martensite. The final grain size was found to be an inverse function of the amount of strain induced martensite. The thermomechanical processing considerably improved the strength characteristics while the simultaneous decrease of elongation was rather low.
文摘Single-and two-step hot compression experiments were carried out on 16Cr25Ni6Mo superaustenitic stainless steel in the temperature range from 950 to 1150°C and at a strain rate of 0.1 s^（-1）. In the two-step tests, the first pass was interrupted at a strain of 0.2; after an interpass time of 5, 20, 40, 60, or 80 s, the test was resumed. The progress of dynamic recrystallization at the interruption strain was less than 10%. The static softening in the interpass period increased with increasing deformation temperature and increasing interpass time. The static recrystallization was found to be responsible for fast static softening in the temperature range from 950 to 1050°C. However, the gentle static softening at 1100 and 1150°C was attributed to the combination of static and metadynamic recrystallizations. The correlation between calculated fractional softening and microstructural observations showed that approximately 30% of interpass softening could be attributed to the static recovery. The microstructural observations illustrated the formation of fine recrystallized grains at the grain boundaries at longer interpass time. The Avrami kinetics equation was used to establish a relationship between the fractional softening and the interpass period. The activation energy for static softening was determined as 276 kJ/mol.
