摘要
数据作为新型生产要素,其价值实现并不适合套用传统有体物所有权逻辑。《关于构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见》提出数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权、数据产品经营权“三权分置”框架,为破解数据确权难、流通难、收益分配难提供了制度入口。本文基于法学与制度经济学的交叉视角,围绕“三权分置”框架下数据要素收益如何公平而有效分配这一核心问题,系统阐释数据产权从所有权中心向用益权配置转型的制度逻辑,分析数据收益分配中效率与公平、激励与约束、市场流通与公共利益之间的张力。研究认为,数据要素收益分配应坚持“谁投入、谁贡献、谁受益”原则,在数据来源贡献、加工贡献、场景贡献、风险承担和公共利益之间建立可计算、可追溯、可调节的分配机制。文章进一步提出以分层确权、授权运营、贡献度计量、可信交易、反垄断监管和公共收益回流为核心的实现路径,以期为我国数据产权制度建设和数据要素市场健康发展提供理论支持。
As a new type of production factor,data cannot be governed effectively by simply transplanting the ownership logic of tangible property.China’s policy framework of the“separation of three rights”in data,namely the right to hold data resources,the right to process and use data,and the right to operate data products,provides an institutional entry point for addressing difficulties in data confirmation,circulation,transactions,and revenue distribution.From the interdisciplinary perspective of law and institutional economics,this paper examines the institutional logic and implementation path of revenue distribution of data elements under the separation of three rights framework.It argues that data revenue distribution should move from ownership-centered allocation to usufruct-based allocation and should balance efficiency and fairness,incentives and constraints,market circulation and public interest.A distribution mechanism based on the principle of“whoever invests,contributes,and bears responsibility should benefit accordingly”should be established.The paper further proposes practical paths including hierarchical rights confirmation,authorized operation,contribution measurement,trusted transactions,anti-monopoly regulation,and public revenue feedback,aiming to provide theoretical support for China’s data property rights system and data factor market.
作者
李港生
Gangsheng LI(Hong Kong Center of Social Sciences,Hong Kong,China)
出处
《社会科学理论与实践》
2026年第2期74-93,共20页
Theory and Practice of Social Science
关键词
三权分置
数据要素
收益分配
用益权
数据产权
制度经济学
separation of three rights
data elements
revenue distribution
usufruct
data property rights
institutional economics
