摘要
宋明儒者围绕三教关系的论辩,呈现出分合交错的复杂面向。以朱子为代表的理学家力主儒佛分治,指斥佛老空无之论淆乱儒学纲维;陆王心学一脉则倾向于三教融通,主张以儒统摄佛道精微。两派学说虽立场迥异,却共同推动了三教交涉的思想进程。王船山立足于明清鼎革之际的思想变局,敏锐洞察到朱子理学“理先气后”说暗含老氏虚无之弊,阳明心学“无善无恶”论潜藏释教空寂之危,二者在形上层面均未能彻底划清与二氏的思想疆界。通过对“理气互体”的本体重构与“道心人心”的义理分疏,船山既解构了宋明儒学中潜藏的佛道基因,又回应了清末学者对理学家“阳拒阴取”的思想诘难。这种以“废虚返实”为旨归的双向批判,不仅实现了对孔孟实践精神的复归,更通过“即器显道”的诠释路径,使三教分判由价值诉求升华为具有历史必然性的理论体系,为儒学在形上层面确立自足性提供了新的范式。
The debates among Song-Ming Confucian scholars concerning the tripartite relationship between Confucianism,Buddhism,and Taoism revealed a complex interplay of divergence and convergence.Neo-Confucianists represented by Zhu Xi advocated for a strict demarcation between Confucianism and Buddhism,denouncing the nihilistic tenets of Buddhism and Taoism for undermining Confucian ethical principles.In contrast,the Lu-Wang School of Mind leaned toward synthesizing the three teachings,proposing to assimilate the profundities of Buddhism and Taoism under Confucian governance.Despite their diametrically opposed positions,both schools collectively deepened the intellectual engagement among the three traditions.Wang Fuzhi(Wang Chuanshan),standing at the ideological crossroads of the Ming-Qing transition,astutely discerned that Zhu Xi's doctrine of""principle preceding vital force"covertly harbored Taoist tendencies toward nothingness,while Wang Yangming's theory of neither good nor evil"concealed Buddhist inclinations toward emptiness.Neither had fundamentally delineated their metaphysical boundaries from heterodox teachings.Through an ontological reconstruction of the"reciprocal embodiment of principle and vital force"and a philosophical distinction between"moral mind and human mind,"Wang not only deconstructed the latent Buddhist-Taoist elements in Song-Ming Confucianism but also responded to early Qing scholars'accusations of Neo-Confucianists'"ostensible rejection yet covert appropriation."This dual critique,aimed at"eliminating emptiness and returning to substance,"achieved not only a revival of the Confucius and Mencius'practical spirit but also,through the hermeneutic approach of"manifesting the Way through concrete phenomena,"elevated the tripartite distinction from value-oriented propositions to a theoretically systematic framework embodying historical inevitability.In doing so,it established a new paradigm through which Confucianism could attain metaphysical self-sufficiency.
作者
杨超
张洋
Yang Chao;Zhang Yang
出处
《中国文化研究》
北大核心
2025年第3期133-145,共13页
Chinese Culture Research
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国气论思想通史”(23&ZD237)
国家社会科学基金“清代礼学与理学的互通性研究”(22CZX032)
河南省人文社会科学研究项目“清代礼学与理学的互通性研究”(2023-ZZJH-378)的阶段性成果
关键词
王夫之
宋明儒
三教关系
儒佛分判
Wang Fuzhi
Song-Ming Confucianism
three teachings relationship
Confucian-Buddhist distinction
