摘要
在秦汉时期的职业分工中,从事专业性职业的群体被称为“畴人”。畴人的职业特点是世代相传,大略包括史、卜、祝、宰、乐、医、御、牢监、鼓人,以及在国家祭祀活动中扮演不同角色的尸、茜、治[糹辛](骍)、治豢、[髟剔]骚等。其中,在京师和王国供职者秩二百石至八百石的有秩吏为“畴官”,百石、斗食、官佐为“畴吏”,分别领有不同员数的畴人。县一级行政单位设有“学室”以培训畴人,秦及西汉非畴人子弟“不得学学室”。畴人身份的获得需要通过严格的考核,达到考核标准者即入为史、卜、祝、御等。畴官、畴吏由国家发放俸禄,太常六令所属史、卜、祝、宰、乐、医等畴人或如“待诏”一样定期领取“月钱”。县道的畴人或为“三老官属员”,以“更”的形式供职地方,或践更京师,享受“月食”待遇。畴人子弟学于学室,免除徭戍,畴人还当免除田租。
In the division of labor during Qin and Han dynasties,the group engaged in professional occupations were called"Chouren(畴人)".They were hereditary,including scribes,diviners,ritual invocators,ceremonial masters,musicians,medical practitioners,charioteers,prison wardens,drummers,as well as participants in state sacrificial rituals such as impersonators of the dead,qian(茜)officiants,managers of sacrificial animals,sao([髟剔]骚)ritualists,etc.Among them,the youzhi(有秩)officials of the rank of 200-dan-level to 800-dan-level who served in the capital and the kingdoms were"Chouguan(畴官)".100-dan-level,doushi(斗食),guanzuo(官佐)were called"Chouli"(畴吏),each leading different numbers of Chouren(畴人).At the county level,there were"schools"to train Chouren(畴人),and in Qin and Western Han dynasties,only descendants of professcial specialists were allowed to study in these schools.The acquisition of Chouren(畴人)identity required strict assessment,and those who met the assessment standards were accepted as scribes,diviners,ritual invocators,and charioteers.Chouguan(畴官)and Chouli(畴吏)were paid salaries by the state,and ascribes,diviners,ritual invocators,and charioteers received regular monthly stipends similar to imperial appointees through taichangliuling(太常六令).The local Chouren(畴人)of the county might serve under local"officials of the sanlao(三老)",in the form of"geng(更)",or to practice "geng(更)"in the capital,enjoying the treatment of"yue-shi(月食)".The children of Chouren(畴人)were allowed to study in the schoolroom,exempt from military service,and the Chouren(畴人)themselves were exempt from land taxes.
出处
《中国史研究》
北大核心
2025年第4期69-83,170,共16页
Journal of Chinese Historical Studies
基金
2021年度国家社会科学基金重点项目“秦汉身份秩序与社会结构研究”(21AZS006)的阶段性成果。
关键词
秦汉
畴官
畴人
三老官属
Qin and Han Dynasties
Chouguan(畴官)
Chouren(畴人)
serving underSanlao(三老官属)
