摘要
为了解中国制造业企业如何应对劳动力成本的快速上升,武汉大学质量发展战略研究院联合中国社会科学院、斯坦福大学和中国香港科技大学在2015-2016年开展了中国企业-劳动力匹配调查(CEES)。CEES调查采用了国际水平的随机抽样方法和质量控制措施,回收了1208家企业和11136名员工的有效问卷。CEES调查了丰富的企业与劳动力的指标,从而有可能更为全面地描绘中国制造业企业发展的真实图景:在劳动力成本不断上升背景下,企业盈利水平较低,2015年平均利润率为3.3%,利润率的中位数为2.4%,但企业间利润率差异较大,75分位的利润率是中位数的近3倍;中国制造业工人的平均实际工资2014—2015年增长率为5%-8%,而新员工的工资增长率为14.5%。虽然劳动力工资在增长,但其在总成本中的比重2013—2015年一直稳定在17%-18%之间,因而企业采取了积极的应对措施来对冲劳动力成本的上升:企业正在进行机器换人,有8%的企业使用了机器人,44%的企业使用了自动化设备,但在这一过程中也面临着投资和研发增长乏力的问题;企业注重改善管理,中国制造企业的平均管理得分为0.54,较美国制造业企业低16%;企业还在不断提升产品质量,一次检验不合格率从2014年的2.2%下降为2015年的1.6%,而新产品占销售额的比重则从2013年的7.7%,稳步提升至2015年的9%;企业也在不断地提升在全球价值链中的地位,2015年使用进口中间品的企业仅占13.3%,进口中间品的价值仅占全部投入品价值的3.7%。
To better understand how Chinese manufacturing firms coping with rising labor cost, Institute ol Quality Development Strategy in Wuhan University corroborated with Chinese Academy of Social Science, Stanford University,Hong Kong University ol Science and Technology carried out China Employer-Employee Survey ( CEES) in 2015 and 2016. CEES adopted the random sampling and quality control methods according to the international standards and successfully collected 1208 firm questionnaires and 11136 questionnaires. With detailed information on firm and employee,we are able to analyze the real picture of Chinese manufacturing firms. With rising labor cost, the profit rates of firm is low,which was 3.3% on average and 2. 4% in median. However, the profit rates varied within firms, as the 75 percentile was nearly 3 times as high as the median. The real wage increased at 5 - 8 % from 2014 to 2015 and the wage growth for new workers was 14.5%. However,the percentage of wage in total cost was stable at 17 - 18% during 2013 -2015, which indicated that firms actively adjusted their behaviors to cope with rising labor cost : some firms used robots to substitute for labor,with 8% of firms using robots and 4 4 % of them using automatic machines. During this process,firms faced the problems of declining investment rates and R&D intensity. Firms emphasized management,with the management score of 0. 5 4,which is only 16% lower than the US. The product quality was improving,with the defect rate decreasing from 2. 2 % in 2014 to 1.6 % in 2015. The sales of new products were increasing,which increased from 7.7% in 2013 to 9 % in 2015. Besides, the firms were improving their status in the global value chain, as only 13. 3 % of the firms used intermediate inputs and the share of intermediate inputs value was only 3. 7 % .
作者
无
程虹
都阳
李宏彬
Albert Park
罗连发
李丹丹
李唐
余凡
余红伟
胡德状
于泽洋
无;Cheng Hong;Du Yang;Li Hongbin;Alhert Park;Luo Lianfa;Li Dandan;Li Tang;Yu Fan;Yu Hongwei;Hu Dezhuang;Yu Zeyang(CEES Research Team;Institute of Quality Development Strategy in Wuhan university,Macro-quality Management Collaborative Innovation Center in Hubei Province;Institute of Population and Labor Economics in China Academy of Social Science;Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research;Institute for Emerging Market Research in Hong Kong University of Technology and Science,China)
出处
《宏观质量研究》
CSSCI
2017年第2期1-21,共21页
Journal of Macro-quality Research
基金
教育部哲学社会科学重大课题攻关项目(15JZDH023)
国家社科基金重大项目(16ZDA045)
国家科技支撑计划课题(2015BAH27F00)
国家重点研发计划课题(2016YF0801906-01)
宏观质量管理湖北省协同创新中心、国家质量监督检验检疫总局项目(TCJ201603)
中国社会科学院创新工程重大项目
香港政府研究资助局等项目的资助
