摘要
当今的中国农村正处于剧烈的阶层分化之中,村干部与村民之间常常处于对立状态。要搞清出现这些问题的历史根源,需要深刻认识中国村落的社会结合性质究竟是建立在合理打算基础之上的结社,还是受共有的社会规范制约的、作为命运共同体的村落共同体。围绕这一根本问题,日本社会学、法学等领域的学者基于20世纪40年代初期的“中国农村惯行调查”资料,展开了一场被称为“戒能—平野论战”的大辩论。大多数学者认为中国村落是以完成特定功能为目的的结社,村落由于阶层分化和宗族组织而缺少凝聚力,村干部并非村民利益的代表因而缺少绝对权威。村民之间的互助行为是一种最低限度的经过合理计算的交换行为,村落仅仅是维持生活所必需的“生活共同体”。基于这种认识,今天中国农村在推进向以功能组织为主导的村落类型转变的过程中,亟需加强村落的共同体性质,强化村民对村落的认同感,修复村落的过度分化,促进村落社会的整合与稳定。
In China's rural areas, the tension between village cadres and villagers has been increased, due to the intensified social stratification. However, the root of this social phenomenon runs deep into Chinese history that we can only sort it out by examining the basis on which the rural societal structure has so far been formed. Is a village of such type an association composed of only spontaneous activities purely for self-interests of the individuals, or a community ruled by commonly agreed social regulations? This question gave rise to a wide debate among Japanese scholars in sociology, law theory and other related fields in social sciences (also called Kainou-Hirano Debate), who took the Preliminary Investigation to the Rural Areas of China in the First Part of 1940s as major reference. Most scholars insisted that China's villages should be viewed as associations with limited socio-economic functions, although with very loosely organized structure resulting from social stratification and clan administration. They also surmised that under such circumstances village cadres' authority had been seriously weakened. Under the condition that villagers help each other as exchange and only for their own interests, village serves as no more than a living community where villagers can obtain the necessaries of life. Therefore, during the transition of the China's villages to function-orientated organizations, the nature of villages as village communities, together with villagers' own identities with such village communities, needs to be solidified. Future social work will also include restoring the over-stratified rural society and preserving the completeness and stability of the villages.
出处
《社会学研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2005年第6期194-213,共20页
Sociological Studies
